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91.
Jane Clary Marcus Quigley Aaron Poresky Andrew Earles Eric Strecker Marc Leisenring Jonathan Jones 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2011,137(3):190-198
Low impact development (LID) strategies are being encouraged in many communities as an approach to reduce potential adverse impacts of development on receiving streams. Many questions exist regarding how well various LID strategies perform in different settings, just as similar questions have been raised regarding performance of traditional stormwater best management practices (BMPs). Whereas historical focus on BMP performance has been water quality concentrations or loads, characterization of volume reduction benefits for both conventional and LID practices is increasingly an objective of researchers and stormwater managers. More than a decade ago, Urban Water Resources Research Council (UWRRC) members worked to develop a set of standardized monitoring and reporting protocols for traditional BMPs and to establish a master database for the purpose of evaluating BMP performance and the factors affecting performance. This effort culminated in the International Stormwater BMP Database (www.bmpdatabase.org), which contains data for more than 360 BMPs and continues to operate as a clearinghouse for stormwater BMP data and performance analyses. During 2008–2009, the International Stormwater BMP Database project expanded to better integrate LID into the database and develop a set of metrics that can be used to characterize BMP performance with regard to surface runoff volume reduction. This paper provides a condensed overview and progress report on the LID-focused effort, including the following topics: (1)?monitoring guidance for LID at the overall site development level, (2)?an overview of recent changes to the International Stormwater BMP Database to better accommodate LID studies, (3)?a summary of LID studies currently included in the database, and (4)?a proposed approach for evaluating performance of LID studies with regard to reducing surface runoff volumes. 相似文献
92.
Rules, and exceptions to such rules, are ubiquitous in many domains, including language. Here we used simple artificial grammars to investigate the influence of 2 factors on the acquisition of rules and their exceptions, namely type frequency (the relative numbers of different exceptions to different regular items) and token frequency (the number of exception tokens relative to the number of regular tokens). We familiarized participants to either a prefixation pattern (where regulars started with /ZaI/ and exceptions ended with /ZaI/) or a suffixation pattern (where regulars ended with /ZaI/ and exceptions started with /ZaI/). We show that the type and the token frequency of regular items and exceptions influence in different ways what participants can learn. For the exceptions to be learned, they have to occur sufficiently often so that participants can memorize them; this can be achieved by a high token frequency. However, a high token frequency of the exceptions also impaired the acquisition of the regular pattern. In contrast, the type frequency of the patterns seemed to determine whether the regular pattern could be learned: When the type frequency of the regular items was sufficiently high, participants successfully learned the regular pattern even when the exceptions were played so often that 66% of the familiarization items were exceptions. We discuss these findings in the context of general learning mechanisms and the role they may play in language acquisition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
93.
94.
Prof. Dr. Peter Kenning Marc Linzmajer 《Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit》2011,6(1):111-125
In recent years, interest in the integration and application of neuroscientific theories, concepts, findings and methods to the research discipline of consumer behavior has been increasing. The sub-discipline of consumer neuroscience that has resulted from that interest belongs to the innovative approach of neuroeconomics. Consumer neuroscience investigates problems of consumption and marketing through methods and findings from neuroscience. Conventional research in consumer behavior and marketing necessarily looked at the human organism as being a “black box??which cannot be assessed directly, or physiologically. This was a time when research mainly used theoretical constructs to interpret these bodily processes and resulting behavior. More recently, however, modern techniques and methods in neuroscience have facilitated a far more direct look into the “black box??of the organism as the basis for the sub-discipline of consumer neuroscience. Consumer neuroscience, therefore, can significantly benefit research in the field of consumer behavior, particularly in the attempt to better understand human behavior in decision-making processes. Although consumer neuroscience is a fledgling discipline, it constitutes a complementing advancement toward more comprehensive testing and expansion of theory. Against this background, the primary goal of the paper is to provide an overview of methods, findings, and implications of selected studies in consumer neuroscience. Furthermore, we integrate aspects of consumer policy and neuroethics, discussing the possible implications of these insights for consumer protection. 相似文献
95.
Adrien Poteaux Marc Rybowicz 《Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computing》2011,22(3):187-217
We carefully study the number of arithmetic operations required to compute rational Puiseux expansions of a bivariate polynomial F over a finite field. Our approach is based on the rational Newton-Puiseux algorithm introduced by D. Duval. In particular, we prove that coefficients of F may be significantly truncated and that certain complexity upper bounds may be expressed in terms of the output size. These preliminary results lead to a more efficient version of the algorithm with a complexity upper bound that improves previously published results. We also deduce consequences for the complexity of the computation of the genus of an algebraic curve defined over a finite field or an algebraic number field. Our results are practical since they are based on well established subalgorithms, such as fast multiplication of univariate polynomials with coefficients in a finite field. 相似文献
96.
An investigation has been made into the microstructural characterization of the shear bands generated under high-strain rate (≈10^4 s^-1) deformation in Fe-15%Cr-15%Ni single crystal by EBSD-SEM (electron backscatter diffraction-scanning electron microscopy), TEM (transmission electron in microscopy) and HREM (high- resolution electron microscopy). The results reveal that the propagation of the shear band exhibits an asymmetrical behavior arising from inhomogenous distribution in plasticity in the bands because of different resistance to the collapse in different crystallographic directions; The γ-ε-α′phase transformations may take place inside and outside the bands, and these martensitic phases currently nucleate at intersections either between the twins and deformation bands or between the twins and ε-sheet. Investigation by EBSD shows that recrystallization can occur in the bands with a grain size of an average of 0.2μm in diameter. These nano-grains are proposed to attribute to the results of either dynamic or static recrystallization, which can be described by the rotational recrystallization mechanism. Calculation and analysis indicate that the strain rate inside the shear band can reach 2.50×10^6 s^-1, which is higher, by two or three orders of magnitude, than that exerted dynamically on the specimen tested. 相似文献
97.
Koen Decroos Marc Seefeldt Carsten Ohms Roumen Petrov Frederik Verhaeghe Leo Kestens 《国际钢铁研究》2011,82(8):911-917
The relation between texture and microstructure and the macroscopic solidification direction has been investigated for an austenitic 316L stainless steel weld. The fusion zone has been characterised by EBSD. Texture development has been simulated by thermal Finite Element Analysis coupled with a simple model of preferential <100>‐oriented solidification following the solidification direction. The thermal part is validated by means of thermocouple measurements at several locations on the specimen. The predicted texture is in very good agreement with the measured one. 相似文献
98.
Sergio Neves Monteiro Marc André Meyers 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2011,42(10):2941-2941
99.
Konstantinos D. Antoniadis Marc J. Assael Christine A. Tsiglifisi Sofia K. Mylona 《International Journal of Thermophysics》2012,33(12):2274-2290
The hollow clay brick is the typical building unit that is employed not only over the whole Greece but also in many other Mediterranean countries. Nevertheless, its design is completely empirical. In this study, the design of the hollow clay brick is analyzed by employing a finite element package. To carry out this analysis, the thermal conductivity of the solid clay is measured by the transient hot-wire technique. As a consequence of the analysis, an improvement of 24 % in the design of the hollow clay brick is proposed. 相似文献
100.
An investigation of the through-thickness properties of carbon fibre prepreg laminates, Non-Crimp Fabric laminates and non-crimp 3D orthogonal woven composites by pull-through testing was performed. Influence of matrix system and curing temperature on the performance of the 3D woven composites was investigated. 相似文献