Progression into and out of binge drinking among high school students.

The current study examined binge drinking among high school students over an academic year. Adolescent drinkers (N?=?621; 58% female) were grouped into 4 trajectories: drinkers (35%), increasers (14%), decreasers (16%), and persistent binge drinkers (35%). Prospective analyses indicated several factors that predicted escalation and de-escalation of binge drinking. Increasers were more likely to regularly use alcohol and cigarettes at a younger age than drinkers. Compared with decreasers, persistent binge drinkers reported regular alcohol and marijuana use at younger ages. Lower levels of perceived student drinking appeared to be a protective factor for onset of binge drinking. The results highlight the need to study precursors to the naturally occurring fluctuations in binge drinking and suggest factors that may accentuate the risk of binge drinking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cognitive preoccupation with alcohol and binge drinking in college students: Alcohol-induced priming of the motivation to drink.

This research examined alcohol-induced motivation to drink as a factor that contributes to preoccupation with drinking. Forty undergraduates rated their degree of preoccupation with drinking. The author determined the relationship between the undergraduates' preoccupation and the degree to which alcohol primed their motivation to drink by having them rate their desire for alcohol after they consumed a dose of alcohol or a placebo. Results showed that individual differences in preoccupation were predicted by the priming effects displayed after alcohol was consumed. More preoccupied individuals reported greater priming effects. Priming effects following placebo were minimal and were not related to preoccupation. The research shows that reinforcing effects of alcohol may contribute to cognitive preoccupation with drinking and promote patterns of alcohol abuse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion.

A reconceptualization of stigma is presented that changes the emphasis from the devaluation of an individual's identity to the process by which individuals who satisfy certain criteria come to be excluded from various kinds of social interactions. The authors propose that phenomena currently placed under the general rubric of stigma involve a set of distinct psychological systems designed by natural selection to solve specific problems associated with sociality. In particular, the authors suggest that human beings possess cognitive adaptations designed to cause them to avoid poor social exchange partners, join cooperative groups (for purposes of between-group competition and exploitation), and avoid contact with those who are differentially likely to carry communicable pathogens. The evolutionary view contributes to the current conceptualization of stigma by providing an account of the ultimate function of stigmatization and helping to explain its consensual nature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

现在,通过以太网传送视频

当信息的控制层和企业层联合起来,你会得到什么?全新的策略性产业信息,以及控制工程师扮演更重要的角色。工厂视频可以帮助控制操作、维护,修理、培训以及工厂作业,来减少停工时间,而带有视频带宽的以太网是一个关键工具。不同于安全应用,工业视频可以为工厂节约一大笔开销,其中包括:     

Updating the WAIS–III and WMS–III: Considerations for research and clinical practice.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised (WAIS–R) and the Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised (WMS–R) are the most commonly used intelligence and memory scales in both clinical and neuropsychology. In 1997, updated versions of these instruments (the WAIS–III and WMS–III) were published. Because of the extensive use of the WAIS–R and WMS–R in the field and the body of accumulated research, there is naturally some reluctance by clinicians and researchers to update to the new versions. It is sometimes difficult for clinicians who test individuals on repeated occasions to switch over to the new versions of the scales because of the difficulty of interpreting score discrepancy between the 2 versions. Researchers, especially those conducting longitudinal research, have a similar difficulty in changing measurement devices because of the possible threat to internal validity. This article reviews the substantive revisions of the scales and outlines those issues that users should take into consideration when updating to the new versions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Pore transport-controlled shrinking-core systems involving diffusion, migration, and homogeneous reactions: Part I. Formulation of model and rate equation for PbSO4-carbonate system

Previous efforts to generalize the applicability of pore transport-controlled shrinking-core models have been extended further in formulating a model for the conversion of PbSO₄ to lead carbonate in sodium carbonate solutions. It consists of a comprehensive set of equations for transport of eight species in the lead carbonate product layer, which incorporates diffusion, migration, and homogeneous reactions in addition to the heterogeneous reaction of PbSO₄ at the shrinking-core interface. Through a mathematical transformation to reduce the number of independent variables to a single one, it has been shown that the rate equation for the time dependence of the extent of conversion (α) of PbSO₄, for even such a complicated system, has the familiar form 1−2/3 α−(1−α)^2/3=k _p t, in agreement with experimental findings. In this case, however, the value of the parabolic rate constant (k _p) must be determined by the numerical solution of the set of transport equations defining the system. This result is general for many reaction systems other than the one analyzed here. The mathematical criteria for shrinking-core models to yield a rate equation with the aforementioned form are also described.     

Water technologies and the environment: Ramping up by scaling down

The world is facing a global water crisis. Already, deficiencies in water supply and water quality are causing widespread human suffering. About 1.1 billion people lack access to clean water, and 2.6 billion do not have access to improved sanitation facilities. Everyday, 4500 children throughout the world die from preventable diseases caused by the lack of clean water and sanitation. China, India, and the United States are all facing major shortages of freshwater, and water pollution is having serious impacts on public health and the environment in both China and India. Major investments in science and technology will be required to address the water issues of the future. A new generation of innovative, small-scale technologies is needed to prevent and control pollution, and to restore watersheds. Creative, collaborative approaches to addressing the world's decline in freshwater resources are urgently needed.     

能直接读出摄氏温度数的石英晶体遥测温度计

尽管石英晶体已经用作温度传感器，但设计师却没有利用这一技术，其原因在于几乎没有一家制造商把石英晶体传感器作为标准产品来供应(参考文献1和2)。与采用电阻或半导体的传感器相比，采用石英晶体的传感器天生具有数字信号调节功能、良好的稳定性和无噪声的直接数字输出，因此最适合于遥感场合(图1）。