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31.
Types of crystallizers . In the industrial application of single mass crystallization from solution clear aims exist with regard to crystallizate qualities. To fulfil these aims, one can choose between various types of crystallizers. Magma types, i.e. agitated tank crystallizer, forced circulation and draft tube (baffle) crystallizer, as well as classifying types with the well-known Oslo-crystallizer belong to the present state of the art. The rates of secondary nucleation decrease in the same sequence as that given above and the possibilities of influencing crystal size distributions increase, and coarser crystals are produceable. 相似文献
32.
Underflow baffles have gained in popularity over the years as a viable mean to intercept floatables in Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs). This choice was mainly justified by the extremely low capital cost (CAPEX) and operational cost (OPEX) of this solution, although the efficiency of underflow baffles has never been clearly proven. The only similar application to underflow baffles are scum boards in grit chambers and clarifier. However, the flow conditions at CSOs vary considerably from those in grit chambers and clarifier. For this reason, review of the behavior of floatables in a rapid flow is paramount. Only then can comprehensive design criteria for underflow baffles and overflow chambers be suggested. Pilot scale tests, performed in a 17 metres long basin at various flowrates, had already shown that a critical horizontal velocity for floatables (Vcr) may develop in the overflow chambers. In this follow up study, the fate of intercepted floatables was investigated. It appears from this latest data that permanent capture of floatables decreases rapidly with an increase in the horizontal velocity of the flow, no matter what the baffle depth. Baffle depth increases capture at lower velocities (0.17 m/s) but become irrelevant at higher velocities (0.61 m/s). This data suggests that capture efficiency of existing underflow baffles in overflow chambers can be, at best, very low whenever the horizontal velocity increases above 0.30 m/s or 1 ft/s. 相似文献
33.
A probabilistic model for cleavage fracture with a length scale--parameter estimation and predictions of stationary crack experiments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study presents a large experimental investigation in the transition temperature region on a modified A508 steel. Tests were carried out on single-edge-notch-bend specimens with three different crack depth over specimen width ratios to capture the strong constraint effect on fracture toughness. Three test temperatures were considered, covering a range of 85 °C. All specimens failed by cleavage fracture prior to ductile tearing. A recently proposed probabilistic model for the cumulative failure by cleavage was applied to the comprehensive sets of experimental data. This modified weakest link model incorporates a length scale, which together with a threshold stress reduce the scatter in predicted toughness distributions as well as introduces a fracture toughness threshold value. Model parameters were estimated by a robust procedure, which is crucial in applications of probabilistic models to real structures. The conformity between predicted and experimental toughness distributions, respectively, were notable at all the test temperatures. 相似文献
34.
35.
Muhammad Maqbool Hugh H. Richardson Martin E. Kordesch 《Journal of Materials Science》2007,42(14):5657-5660
Thin films of Praseodymium doped AlN are deposited on silicon (111) substrates at 77 K and 950 K by rf magnetron sputtering
method. About 500–1000 nm thick films are grown at 100–200 watts RF power and 5–8 mTorr nitrogen, using a metal target of
Al with Pr. X-rays diffraction results show that films deposited at 77 K are amorphous and those deposited at 950 K are crystalline.
Cathodoluminescence studies are performed at room temperature and luminescence peaks are observed in a wide range from ultraviolet
to infrared region. The most intense peak is obtained in green at 526 nm from amorphous films as a result from 3P1→3H5 transition. In crystalline films the intense peak was obtain in red at 648 nm as a result from 3P0→3F2 transition. Films are thermally activated at 1300 K for half an hour in a nitrogen atmosphere. Thermal activation enhances
the intensity of luminescence. Two peaks at 488 nm and 505 nm merged after thermal activation, giving rise to a single peak
at 495 nm. 相似文献
36.
Is there a direct relationship between oral astringency and human salivary protein binding? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
For decades, it is believed that astringency is due to the polyphenol-induced complexation of proline-rich salivary proteins
in the oral cavity. In order to compare for the first time the human sensory threshold concentrations and the salivary protein
binding activity of a series of astringent stimuli, human saliva protein was incubated for 5 min at 37 °C in the presence
of astringent food-derived compounds and, after micro-centrifugation, the amount of the target molecules in the supernatant
was quantitatively determined by HPLC-UV/Vis. Significant protein binding was observed for (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate,
(−)-gallocatechin-3-gallate, (+)-gallocatechin, and (−)-catechin-3-gallate, all of which containing at least one galloyl moiety
in the molecule and exhibiting rather high sensory thresholds of more than 200 μmol/L. In comparison, (+)-catechin and procyanidin
B2, both lacking in any galloyl function, showed only comparatively low binding activity and, most interestingly, quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside and 3-carboxymethyl-indole-1-N-β-d-glucopyranoside did not show any protein binding at all, although the later N- and O-glycosides exhibited extraordinarily low sensory threshold concentrations of less than 0.001 and 0.0003 μmol/L, respectively.
The data give some first evidence that the quantity of the non-bound, “free” astringent stimulus in the saliva liquid might
be more closely related to the sensory perception of astringency than the amount complexed or precipitated by proteins. It
is therefore questionable as to whether oral perception of astringency is related to the complexation and/or precipitation
of salivary proteins. 相似文献
37.
High crude oil prices and pollution problems have drawn attention to alternative vehicle technologies and fuels for the transportation sector. The question is: What are the benefits/costs of these technologies for society? To answer this question in a quantitative way, a web-based model (http://vehiclesandfuels.memebot.com) has been developed to calculate the societal life cycle costs, the consumer life cycle costs and the tax for different vehicle technologies. By comparing these costs it is possible to draw conclusions about the social benefit and the related tax structure. The model should help to guide decisions toward optimality, which refers to maximum social benefit. The model was applied to the case of Thailand. The life cycle cost of 13 different alternative vehicle technologies in Thailand have been calculated and the tax structure analyzed. 相似文献
38.
Joel P. Martin J. Edward Swan II Robert J. Moorhead II Zhanping Liu Shangshu Cai 《Computer Graphics Forum》2008,27(3):991-998
We present the results from a user study looking at the ability of observers to mentally integrate wind direction and magnitude over a vector field. The data set chosen for the study is an MM5 (PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model) simulation of Hurricane Lili over the Gulf of Mexico as it approaches the southeastern United States. Nine observers participated in the study. This study investigates the effect of layering on the observer's ability to determine the magnitude and direction of a vector field. We found a tendency for observers to underestimate the magnitude of the vectors and a counter‐clockwise bias when determining the average direction of a vector field. We completed an additional study with two observers to try to uncover the source of the counter‐clockwise bias. These results have direct implications to atmospheric scientists, but may also be able to be applied to other fields that use 2D vector fields. 相似文献
39.
Design science in information systems research 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Prof. Dr. Martin Bichler 《WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK》2006,48(2):133-135
40.
Exchange and oxidation of C16O were investigated at 450°C on 18O-predosed Rh and Pt catalysts supported on A12O3, CeO2 and CeO2-Al2O3. In all cases, a rapid exchange of C16O with the surface can be observed. CO oxidation leads to C16O2, C16O18O and C18O2. Significant formation of C16O2 is due to the relatively high 16O coverage in reaction resulting from the C16O exchange and from an exchange between O surface species and 16O internal atoms. Hydrogen is also formed via a water-gas shift reaction (CO + surface OH) in higher proportion on CeO2-containing catalysts than on A12O3. Chlorine inhibits all the reactions (exchange, oxidation and WGS) and particularly the internal exchange. 相似文献