The production of ultrahigh-purity copper for advanced applications

Ultrahigh-purity copper (UHPC) of five to seven nines has been developed, and commercial production has been started by Nippon Mining and Metals Company. This value-added copper has such characteristics as high electrical and thermal conductivity at very low temperatures, low softening temperatures, and high workability due to fewer nonmetallic inclusions and voids as compared with conventional high-purity copper (i.e., four nines). Taking advantages of these characteristics, UHPC is being applied to bonding wire of integrated circuits and cables for audio devices.     

Direct Observation of the Collection Process for Dust Particles from an Air Stream by a Charged Water Droplet

One of the most effective precipitation methods for submicrometer particles is the charged droplet scrubber. The dust collection in the charged droplet scrubber is considered to consist of some processes with respect to the interaction between charged dust particles and a charged water droplet. That is, the charged dust particles are attracted to, collide with, adhere to, penetrate into, rebound from, accumulate on, and reentrain from a charged water droplet. The direct observation of the collection process for dust particles by a charged water droplet was conducted by using the experimental setup designed by the authors. It was found from the experiments that particles with good wettability were captured inside the water droplet, particles with poor wettability floated at regular intervals on the droplet surface, and particles with medium wettability were trapped on or inside the water droplet. When particles were trapped on the droplet surface the growth of dendritic depositions was found, and their behavior was very distinct from those obtained on the fibrous filter due to the fluidity of the droplet surface. The deposition mechanisms of charged particles on the charged water droplet are discussed qualitatively.     

Cooling mechanism during transient reflooding of a reactor fuel bundle after loss of coolant

Cooling efficiency during transient reflooding under loss of normal coolant conditions has been examined with a 7 × 7 simulated fuel rod bundle and jet pump bypass. The bundle contains 49 electrically heated rods with 3600 mm heated length and a pseudo cosine axial power distribution. Water is injected into the lower plenum and the superheated bundle is reflooded from the bottom with some flow diverted to the simulated jet pump bypass. The results show that effective cooling can be maintained.     

Reliability and maintainability of a multicomponent series-parallel system with simultaneous failure and repair priorities

This paper considers a system consisting of two subsystems connected in series with a single repair facility. One subsystem is K-out-of-N:G system consisting of N identical units, while the other consists of M different units connected in series. The life-times of the active units depend on each other in having simultaneous failure of all the operating units and repair times are distributed quite generally. The system breaks down if more than (N?K+1) units in the parallel group are simultaneously in the failed states or if any failure occures in the series group. The availability and reliability function of the system are obtained simultaneously. Explict expressions for the steady state availability of the system and the mean time to the first system failure are obtained.     

Activities of phosphorus in liquid copper by solid oxide galvanic cell

The oxygen partial pressures of the equilibrium among solid magnesia, phosphorus-containing liquid copper and trimagnesium phosphate were measured by means of solid-oxide galvanic cells. These cells incorporated magnesia-stabilized zirconia as solid electrolyte and Mo + MoO₂ as reference electrode at 1 473, 1 523 and 1 573 K. Then the activities of phosphorus in liquid copper, and the free energy of dissolution of diatomic phosphorus gas into liquid copper at infinite dilution refered to 1 wt.pct. were determined.