Thermal characteristics of a double-glazed external wall system with roll screen in cooling season

A double-skin system (double-glazed external wall) is an effective passive system that can be used to decrease solar heat gain into buildings. Detailed information on the thermal distribution of double-skin facades is necessary to design better systems that can provide thermal comfort and conserve energy. In this study, the three-dimensional thermal characteristics of double-skin facades that had the ventilation opening installed partially and were screened partially by the adjacent buildings were investigated by field measurements. To that end, field measurements were carried out on the double-skin exterior wall (9.4 m high and 27.0 m wide) installed in an atrium located in the west of an existing building during cooling period for typical summer conditions. Maximum air change rate of natural ventilation through the bottom opening up to the top opening is about 20–25 [1/h], the reduction ratio of total solar heat gain compared with those of non-natural ventilation is about 25%. The exhaust solar heat gain is about 100 W/m² per inner glass surface area of the double-skin facades. Air temperature distribution of air space in the double skin was ranged from 30 °C to 44 °C, and heat gain difference ranged from 50 W/m² to 130 W/m². The influence of the ventilation openings and the shade conditions on temperature distribution of double skin is found to be significant and the double-skin system was verified to reduce the cooling loads effectively.     

Additive effects of methyl ammonium bromide or formamidinium bromide in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells using decaphenylcyclopentasilane

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics - Fabrication and characterization of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells incorporated with methylammonium bromide (MABr),...     

Study on inverse spinel zinc stannate, Zn2SnO4, as transparent conductive films deposited by rf magnetron sputtering

Inverse spinel zinc stannate (Zn₂SnO₄, ZTO) films were deposited onto fused quartz glass substrates heated at 800 °C by rf magnetron sputtering using a ceramic ZTO target (Zn:Sn = 2:1). H₂ flow ratios [H₂/(Ar + H₂)] were controlled from 0 to 30% during the depositions. ZTO films deposited at 800 °C possessed a polycrystalline inverse spinel structure. The lowest resistivity of 1.1 × 10^− 2 Ω cm was obtained for a ZTO film deposited at 20% H₂ flow ratio. The transmittance of the ZTO film was approximately 80% in the visible region.     

13 years’ operational experience of SPring-8 vacuum system

The first electron beam was stored in SPring-8 storage ring in March 1997. An overview of the 13 years’ operational experience concerning the vacuum system of the SPring-8 storage ring is presented. The evolution of the vacuum system and their performance are summarized. Moreover, the main vacuum failures and their impact on accelerator operation are described in detail. We analyze the relationship between the difference types of vacuum failure and downtime of user experiment.     

High-performance genetic analysis on microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis plastic chips fabricated by injection molding

We have developed a novel technique for mass production of microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis (mu-CAE) plastic chips for high-speed, high-throughput genetic analysis. The mu-CAE chips, containing 10 individual separation channels of 50-microm width, 50-microm depth, and a 100-microm lane-to-lane spacing at the detection region and a sacrificial channel network, were fabricated on a poly(methyl methacrylate) substrate by injection molding and then bonded manually using a pressure-sensitive sealing tape within several seconds at room temperature. The conditions for injection molding and bonding were carefully characterized to yield mu-CAE chips with well-defined channel and injection structures. A CCD camera equipped with an image intensifier was used to monitor simultaneously the separation in a 10-channel array with laser-induced fluorescence detection. High-performance electrophoretic separations of phiX174 HaeIII DNA restriction fragments and PCR products related to the human beta-globin gene and SP-B gene (the surfactant protein B) have been demonstrated on mu-CAE plastic chips using a methylcellulose sieving matrix in individual channels. The current work demonstrated greatly simplified the fabrication process as well as a detection scheme for mu-CAE chips and will bring the low-cost mass production and application of mu-CAE plastic chips for genetic analysis.     

An Investigation of Titanium Nitride Prepared by a DC Arc Plasma Jet

The properties of a titanium nitride film prepared by a DC arc plasma jet were investigated by microscopic observations, composition analysis, and hardness measurements. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the film was composed of three phases, designated the A, B, and C regions from the outer surface. The existence of three regions was also supported by composition analysis and hardness measurements on the cross section. XRD patterns showed the presence of -TiN in the A region. In the B region, a number of voids were observed, which have never been reported in previous papers. These were made up from specific crystallographic surfaces. The C region also had a few voids which were somewhat different from those in the B region. In the matrix, an acicular texture was found and identified as -Ti solid solution by XRD. The cross section of the film changed the color determined by the nitrogen content.     

Simultaneous three-dimensional step-height measurement and high-resolution tomographic imaging with a spectral interferometric microscope

A noncontact, nonmechanical scanning, wide-field spectral interference microscope is developed for simultaneous measurement of three-dimensional step-height of discontinuous objects and tomographic imaging. A superluminescent diode (SLD) is used as a broadband light source and a liquid-crystal Fabry-Perot interferometer (LC-FPI) as a frequency-scanning device. By means of changing the injection current to the SLD, the spectral profile of the SLD is equalized, and a constant light input to the interferometer is achieved over the entire frequency-scan range. The Fourier-transform technique is used to determine both the amplitude and the phase of spectral fringe signals. Three-dimensional height distribution of a discontinuous object is obtained from the phase information, whereas optically sectioned images of the object are obtained either from the amplitude information alone or from the combination of both the amplitude and phase information. Experimental results with submicrometer resolution are presented for both step-height measurement and tomographic sectioning.     

Ultrahigh-Q nanocavities written with a nanoprobe

High-Q nanocavities have been extensively studied recently because they are considered key elements in low-power photonic devices and integrated circuits. Here we demonstrate that ultrahigh-Q (>10(6)) nanocavities can be created by employing scanning probe lithography on a prepatterned line defect in a silicon photonic crystal. This is the first realization of ultrahigh-Q nanocavities by the postprocess modification of photonic crystals. With this method, we can form an ultrahigh-Q nanocavity with controllable cavity parameters at an arbitrary position along a line defect. Furthermore, the fabricated nanocavity achieves ultralow power all-optical bistable operation owing to its large cavity enhancement effect. This demonstration indicates the possibility of realizing photonic integrated circuits on demand, where various circuit patterns are written with a nanoprobe on a universal photonic crystal substrate.