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81.
Calorimetry offers a direct measurement of thermodynamic properties of materials, including information on the energetics of phase transitions. Many materials can only be prepared in thin film or small crystal (submilligram) form, negating the use of traditional bulk techniques. The use of micromachined, membrane-based calorimeters for submilligram bulk samples is detailed here. Numerical simulations of the heat flow for this use have been performed. These simulations describe the limits to which this calorimetric technique can be applied to the realm of small crystals (1-1000 microg). Experimental results confirm the feasibility of this application over a temperature range from 2 to 300 K. Limits on sample thermal conductivity as it relates to the application of the lumped and distributed tau 2 models are explored. For a typical sample size, the simulations yield 2.5% absolute accuracy for the heat capacity of a sample with thermal conductivity as low as 2 x 10(-5) W/cm K at 20 K, assuming a strong thermal link to the device. Silver paint is used to attach (both thermally and physically) the small samples; its heat capacity and reproducibility are discussed. Measurements taken of a submilligram single crystal of cobalt oxide (CoO) compare favorably to the results of a bulk calorimetric technique on a larger sample. 相似文献
82.
Übersicht Ein neues Raumzeigersteuerschema für dreistufige am Dreiphasennetz arbeitende Pulsumrichter wird vorgestellt. Es basiert auf einem Steuerverfahren für dreiphasige, zweistufige Motorwechselrichter. Die Erweiterung auf dreistufige Pulsumrichter und die dazugehörige Steuertabelle werden gezeigt. Dieses Verfahren erreicht eine symmetrische Spannungsaufteilung auf der Gleichspannungsseite auch bei unsymmetrischer Belastung des Zwischenkreises. Messungen an einem Versuchaaufbau werden gezeigt.
A control scheme for three-phase, three-level lineside converters
Contents A novel control scheme for three-phase three-level lineside converters operating in the -frame is proposed. It is based on a principle proposed for and approved with three-phase two-level motor inverters. The adaption for three-level inverters is explained and the look-up tables for the switching states are presented. The control scheme is also able of self-balancing the potential of the center-tap of the DC capacitors in case of asymmetric loads. The scheme is realized with an IGBT-converter and measurements are shown.相似文献
83.
Patrice Le Boudec François Sanchez Pierre-Luc FranÇois Jean-François Bayon Guy Michel StÉphan 《电信纪事》1994,49(3-4):178-192
The dynamics of the erbium doped fiber laser is analysed both experimentally and theoretically. This laser operates spontaneously in self-pulsing, in sinusoidal or in CW regime. Experiments have allowed to determine the control parameters : the cavity losses, the pumping rate and the ion pairs concentration. An antiphase dynamics is observed when the laser operates simultaneously at 1.55 µn and 1.536 µm. The self-pulsing behavior is attributed to a fast energy transfer which occurs between two neighboring ions (pair induced quenching). A simple model considering the active medium as a mixture of isolated ions and ions pairs is developped and leads to a good qualitative agreement with the experimental results. 相似文献
84.
Annals of Telecommunications - Le partage du risque est une des raisons les plus souvent avancées pour expliquer les clauses financières des contrats de licence. Pour autant, aucune... 相似文献
85.
Creep experiments were conducted on ice crystals in compression to investigate the effects of boundary conditions on a single-slip system deformed in plane strain. Friction at the platens of the deformation apparatus introduces a bending moment which causes a variation in the amount of lattice rotation across the specimen. This is shown to occur in mechanically constrained crystals observed through plane polarized light. Relieving the constraints and minimizing friction at the ice-platen contact leads to the widening of the sample near the specimen-platen interface and the production of tails symmetrically disposed about the longitudinal axis of the deformed crystals. This is interpreted to originate from a bending moment in the opposite sense from that obtained in the constrained crystals, resulting from a progressive increase in slip displacement towards the platens where the segments of the slip plane become shorter. When the crystal ends were constrained but allowed to move sideways, a simple shear regime was established in which lattice slip was concentrated in the centre of the crystal. 相似文献
86.
Wurster Marco Michel Marius May Marvin Carl Kuhnle Andreas Stricker Nicole Lanza Gisela 《Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing》2022,33(2):575-591
Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing - Remanufacturing includes disassembly and reassembly of used products to save natural resources and reduce emissions. While assembly is widely understood in... 相似文献
87.
Manipulating Electrical and Fluidic Access in Integrated Nanopore‐Microfluidic Arrays Using Microvalves 下载免费PDF全文
88.
89.
Olivier Llopis Jean-Marc Dienot Jacques Verdier Robert Plana Michel Gayral Jacques Graffeuil 《电信纪事》1996,51(3-4):121-129
The conversion of low frequency noise into phase noise in microwave oscillators is studied through an analytical calculation of the pushing factor. This calculation is based on a simplified equivalent circuit for two types of active devices : field effect transistors (Fet) and heterojunction bipolar transistors (hbt). The preeminence in the conversion process of the gate- source capacitance in theFet and the base- emitter junction in thehbt is pointed out. Practical methods are proposed to reduce the phase noise in these circuits. 相似文献
90.
We investigated whether, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the CD45 isoform expression of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes (T-PBL) is related to auto-immune processes (e.g. IgM rheumatoid factors) and to clinical manifestations. By three-colour flow cytometry, we quantified three subsets of CD4+ or CD8+ T-PBL: "naive" CD45RA+,RO-, "transient" CD45RA+,RO+, and "memory" CD45RA-,RO+ cells, in 102 patients with RA and in 41 age- and sex-matched controls. The serum levels of rheumatoid factors (RF) were determined--besides conventional agglutination tests--by ELISA (IgM-RF). Extensive clinical examination was performed at the time of blood sampling. In RA, age, sex and drug therapy did not constitute major influences on the CD45RA/RO patterns. In "healthy" men, higher age significantly' correlated with fewer naive and more memory CD4+ T-PBL (P < 0.01). In RA, distinct correlations between the T-PBL subsets, autoimmune and clinical manifestations became obvious when patients with low and high levels of RF against human IgG Fc fragments, as determined by ELISA, were analysed separately. RA patients with high IgM-RF had elevated proportions of CD45RO+ T-PBL (P < 0.05), that correlated with clinical parameters of disease activity (tender joint count, Ritchie index, P < 0.05) and outcome (Health Assessment Questionnaire, Larsen radiographic scores, P < 0.05). The proportions of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-PBL correlated strongly (P < 0.001) with the IgM-RF levels. Within 1 year, only three of 34 patients (disease duration of 5-9 years) showed seroconversion from low to high levels of IgM-RF (and positive agglutination tests); this was paralleled by reductions in naive and increases in transient T-PBL (P < 0.02). Thus, in RA, the proportions of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-PBL correlate with the level of IgM-RF and, together with transient T-PBL, with clinical parameters of disease activity and outcome. 相似文献