Synchronized Cell Cycle Arrest Promotes Osteoclast Differentiation

Osteoclast progenitors undergo cell cycle arrest before differentiation into osteoclasts, induced by exposure to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). The role of such cell cycle arrest in osteoclast differentiation has remained unclear, however. We here examined the effect of synchronized cell cycle arrest on osteoclast formation. Osteoclast progenitors deprived of M-CSF in culture adopted a uniform morphology and exhibited cell cycle arrest at the G₀–G₁ phase in association with both down-regulation of cyclins A and D1 as well as up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27^Kip1. Such M-CSF deprivation also promoted the differentiation of osteoclast progenitors into multinucleated osteoclasts expressing high levels of osteoclast marker proteins such as NFATc1, c-Fos, Atp6v0d2, cathepsin K, and integrin β3 on subsequent exposure to M-CSF and RANKL. Our results suggest that synchronized arrest and reprogramming of osteoclast progenitors renders them poised to respond to inducers of osteoclast formation. Further characterization of such effects may facilitate induction of the differentiation of heterogeneous and multipotent cells into desired cell lineages.     

PixelSNE: Pixel‐Aligned Stochastic Neighbor Embedding for Efficient 2D Visualization with Screen‐Resolution Precision

Embedding and visualizing large‐scale high‐dimensional data in a two‐dimensional space is an important problem, because such visualization can reveal deep insights of complex data. However, most of the existing embedding approaches run on an excessively high precision, even when users want to obtain a brief insight from a visualization of large‐scale datasets, ignoring the fact that in the end, the outputs are embedded onto a fixed‐range pixel‐based screen space. Motivated by this observation and directly considering the properties of screen space in an embedding algorithm, we propose Pixel‐Aligned Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (PixelSNE), a highly efficient screen resolution‐driven 2D embedding method which accelerates Barnes‐Hut tree‐based t‐distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (BH‐SNE), which is known to be a state‐of‐the‐art 2D embedding method. Our experimental results show a significantly faster running time for PixelSNE compared to BH‐SNE for various datasets while maintaining comparable embedding quality.     

当生活给了你柠檬——曹敏硕访谈

<正>建筑师曹敏硕2003年在韩国首尔创建了Mass Studies建筑事务所,由于设计了2010年上海世博会的韩国馆,他的名字迅速在中国大众媒体上被知晓,其实他在建筑圈内早已名声可观,即使在中国,他也分别参加过鄂尔多斯和贵阳的集群建筑设计项目。但是,给他带来声誉的并不只是世博会韩国馆,还有他在自己出生的国家和城市,以及那些世界名城和著名景点,所做的永久性和临时性的建筑和空间装置。     

New modelling formalism for control programs of flexible manufacturing systems

Proposed in this paper is a modelling formalism, called the FMS control model, which is able to provide a detailed guideline for the implementation of the FMS control program (PLC program). Although, there are numerous simulation models for FMSs describing the system dynamics at the level of discrete event simulation, they cannot be fully utilised for the generation of a real control program involving sensors and actuators. Due to this, PLC programs for FMSs are usually done by the repetitive method of code writing, testing, and debugging until the control objectives are achieved. This is an error-prone and time-consuming task. The proposed FMS control model is described at the level of sensors and actuators. It can support the PLC program generation from the model. Since the FMS control model has been developed by expanding the DEVS formalism, it has a well-defined formalism. The proposed methodology has been implemented and test runs were made.     

气体树林

城市公园位于丹佛市的东部中心，是丹佛市最大、最著名的公园。在这个面积1．3km。的有历史意义的公园里，有大面积的开放型草坪，中央是被绿树环绕的Ferril湖。Ferril湖主轴线为东西方向，开始于东侧的丹佛自然科学博物馆（这里是Ferril湖的最高处），终止于湖西侧的地标性建筑——船亭，通过这条轴线，可以看到丹佛的天际线和旁边的山峰。     

Nanowire substrate-based laser scanning cytometry for quantitation of circulating tumor cells

We report on the development of a nanowire substrate-enabled laser scanning imaging cytometry for rare cell analysis in order to achieve quantitative, automated, and functional evaluation of circulating tumor cells. Immuno-functionalized nanowire arrays have been demonstrated as a superior material to capture rare cells from heterogeneous cell populations. The laser scanning cytometry method enables large-area, automated quantitation of captured cells and rapid evaluation of functional cellular parameters (e.g., size, shape, and signaling protein) at the single-cell level. This integrated platform was first tested for capture and quantitation of human lung carcinoma cells from a mixture of tumor cells and leukocytes. We further applied it to the analysis of rare tumor cells spiked in fresh human whole blood (several cells per mL) that emulate metastatic cancer patient blood and demonstrated the potential of this technology for analyzing circulating tumor cells in the clinical settings. Using a high-content image analysis algorithm, cellular morphometric parameters and fluorescence intensities can be rapidly quantitated in an automated, unbiased, and standardized manner. Together, this approach enables informative characterization of captured cells in situ and potentially allows for subclassification of circulating tumor cells, a key step toward the identification of true metastasis-initiating cells. Thus, this nanoenabled platform holds great potential for studying the biology of rare tumor cells and for differential diagnosis of cancer progression and metastasis.     

Interfacing Inorganic Nanowire Arrays and Living Cells for Cellular Function Analysis

Inorganic nanowires are among the most attractive functional materials, which have emerged in the past two decades. They have demonstrated applications in information technology and energy conversion, but their utility in biological or biomedical research remains relatively under‐explored. Although nanowire‐based sensors have been frequently reported for biomolecular detection, interfacing nanowire arrays and living mammalian cells for the direct analysis of cellular functions is a very recent endeavor. Cell‐penetrating nanowires enabled effective delivery of biomolecules, electrical and optical stimulation and recording of intracellular signals over a long period of time. Non‐penetrating, high‐density nanowire arrays display rich interactions between the nanostructured substrate and the micro/nanoscale features of cell surfaces. Such interactions enable efficient capture of rare cells including circulating tumor cells and trafficking leukocytes from complex biospecimens. It also serves as a platform for probing cell traction force and neuronal guidance. The most recent advances in the field that exploits nanowire arrays (both penetrating and non‐penetrating) to perform rapid analysis of cellular functions potentially for disease diagnosis and monitoring are reviewed.     

三星美术馆

正总规划面积27 000m2的三星美术馆项目由OMA于1997年设计完成。综合体坐落于市中心附近的汉南洞住宅区,由OMA、马里奥·博塔和让·努维尔分别设计的三座建筑构成。OMA设计的大楼总面积达13 100m2,包括临时当代展览、媒体和办公空间。三座大楼汇聚于中央多功能室,形成大厅和问询处。经由直通多功能室的坡路穿过OMA     

Folly Variations: The Time-Specific Architecture of Mass Studies

Minsuk Cho , founder of Seoul-based Mass Studies, describes the shifting environment of practice: a world in which curators and clients are already anticipating the way that future architecture will take on a new level of interactivity, responding to personal communication devices. There is a bittersweet flavour to these accounts of projects commissioned by curators that seek to maximise the interactions between the public and the making of pavilions. The irony is sharpened by the urban context of Seoul, a densely populated city in which individuals seek to excise themselves from the relentless interactions of everyday living.     

上海世博会韩国馆

设计类别：博览、展示建设地点：上海浦东高科西路浦明路场地面积：6000 m~2建筑面积：7683.5 m~2建造时间：2010年1欢乐城市韩国馆的设计以＂融合＂为主题,塑造出＂符号＂和＂空间＂的融合体：符号即为空间,空间亦为符号。韩国馆试图成为世博园中充满欢乐的场所,并呈现出强烈的国家色彩,