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921.
Modifying milk fat composition of dairy cows to enhance fatty acids beneficial to human health 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4
There is increased consumer awareness that foods contain microcomponents that may have beneficial effects on health maintenance
and disease prevention. In milk fat these functional food components include EPA, DHA, and CLA. The opportunity to enhance
the content of these FA in milk has improved as a result of recent advances that have better defined the interrelationships
between rumen fermentation, lipid metabolism, and milk fat synthesis. Dietary lipids undergo extensive hydrolysis and biohydrogenation
in the rumen. Milk fat is predominantly TG, and de novo FA synthesis and the uptake of circulating FA contribute nearly equal amounts (molar basis) to the FA in milk fat. Transfer
of dietary EPA and DHA to milk fat is very low (<4%); this is, to a large extent, related to their extensive biohydrogenation
in the rumen, and also partly due to the fact that they are not transported in the plasma lipid fractions that serve as major
mammary sources of FA uptake (TG and nonesterified FA). Milk contains over 20 isomers of CLA but the predominant one is cis-9,trans-11 (75–90% of total CLA). Biomedical studies with animal models have shown that this isomer has anticarcinogenic and anti-atherogenic
activities. cis-9,trans-11-CLA is produced as an intermediate in the rumen biohydrogenation of linoleic acid but not of linolenic acid. However,
it is only a transient intermediate, and the major source of milk fat CLA is from endogenous synthesis. Vaccenic acid, produced
as a rumen biohydrogenation intermediate from both linoleic acid and linolenic acid, is the substrate, and Δ9-desaturase in
the mammary gland and other tissues catalyzes the reaction. Diet can markedly affect milk fat CLA content, and there are also
substantial differences among individual cows. Thus, strategies to enhance milk fat CLA involve increasing rumen outflow of
vaccenic acid and increasing Δ9-desaturase activity, and through these, several-fold increases in the content of CLA in milk
fat can be routinely achieved. Overall, concentrations of CLA, and to a lesser extent EPA and DHA, can be significantly enhanced
through the use of diet formulation and nutritional management of dairy cows. 相似文献
922.
Tae?Joon?Chung Min?Chan?Kim Chang?Kyun?ChoiEmail author 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2004,21(1):41-47
The temporal development of thermal disturbances in the fluid layer heated isothermally from below is investigated, based
on propagation theory. This theory is examined by using scaling. To examine the behavior of thermal instability the mean-field
approximation is employed and resulting equations are solved by Galerkin method. The stability criteria to mark the onset
of convective instability are newly suggested as the intersection point of the growth rate of averaged temperature with that
of its fluctuation. The resulting critical time is close to that derived from propagation theory. By considering the nonlinear
effects, the characteristic times to represent the detection time of manifest convection and also to exhibit the minimum Nusselt
number are discussed. 相似文献
923.
Reaction selectivities were determined in multicompetitive reactions mediated by Burkholderia cepacia lipase (Amano PS-30) at a water activity of 0.19 in hexane. Saturated FA (C4–C18 even chain) and oleic acid (C18∶1) were
reacted with a single alcohol, glycerol, α-or β-MAG, containing C4, C10, C16, or C18∶1 individually as alcohol cosubstrate.
Similar odrinal patterns of FA selectivity, with C8, C10, and C16 preferred over others, were generally observed for incorporation
of FA into specific acylglycerol (AG) pools of the 24 specific cases evaluated. The three exceptions were enrichment of C14
and C18 in the MAG pool with α-C16-MAG, substrate, and a general suppression of >C8 incorporation into the TAG pool for reactions
with α-C10- and α-C16-MAG. PS-30 lipase selectivity toward MAG was in descending order: α/β-C4-MAG>β-C10-MAG>β-C16-MAG>α/β-C18∶1-MAG>α-C10-MAG>α-C16-MAG.
Selectivity in channeling CX of the original CX-MAG substrates into higher AG species was in descending order: α-C10-MAG∼α-C16-MAG>α-C18∶1-MAG>β-C10-MAG∼β-C16-MAG∼β-C18∶1-MAG
>α/β-C4-MAG. Generally, MAG were better acyl donors than FA for esterification reactions leading to DAG formation. These observations
are relevant to the design of biocatalytic processes intended to yield specifically structured TAG. 相似文献
924.
We identified many novel oxygenated FA produced from linoleic acid by microbial strain ALA2: 12,13,17-trihydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic
acid (12,13,17-THOA); 12,13,16-trihydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid (12,13,16-THOA); 12-hydroxy-13,16-epoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic
acid; and 12,17;13,17-diepoxy-16-hydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid. 12,13,17-THOA, the main product, inhibits the growth of some
plant pathogenic fungi. Recently, we reclassified strain ALA2 as Bacillus megaterium ALA2 NRRL B-21660 and opened a possible link with the well-studied catalytically self-sufficient P450 monooxygenase of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14581 (NRRL B-3712) and B. subtilis strain 168 (NRRL B-4219). Now we have found that strain ALA2 also oxidizes palmitic acid into three oxygenated products:
13-, 14-, and 15-hydroxy palmitic acids. This indicates that strain ALA2 also possesses a monooxygenase system similar to
the abovementioned well-known strains. These data facilitate studies on the oxygenase system of strain ALA2. 相似文献
925.
Michael?W.?PlesniakEmail author Paul?E.?Sojka Anshul?K.?Singh 《Journal of Coatings Technology and Research》2004,1(2):137-145
Spray transfer efficiency (TE) is defined as the mass fraction of sprayed paint which is deposited on the intended target,
the remainder of the sprayed paint becomes undesirable overspray. The relationship between TE and gun supply pressure (or
paint mass flow rate), gun-to-target distance, gun traverse speed, the angle of the spray gun relative to the target (gun-to-target
angle), plus spray cone angle is reported herein for a typical fan spray system. Experimental results indicate that spray
momentum rate (SMR) and droplet size dictate the TE for the various combinations of parameters considered here. The key finding
is that TE correlates with SMR and spray mean drop size (Sauter mean diameter, or D32) via an expression of the form TE=a+b SMR − c (SMR)2+d D32, where a, b, c, and d are coefficients, determined by fitting the experimental data, and SMR is estimated via SMR=m2/ρA, where the paint mass flow rate m, the paint density is ρ, and the gun exit orifice effective tip cross sectional area
is A. This expression accounts for physical phenomena that govern sprayed droplet deposition characteristics, such as entrainment,
bounce-back, and drop size.
Experimental results also show that, for the range of parameters studied, gun traverse speed has no effect on TE, but increasing
the angle of the spray gun relative to the target (gun-to-target angle), increasing the spray cone angle, or increasing the
gun-to-target distance will decrease TE. 相似文献
926.
Characterization of the adipose tissue atrophy induced by peroxisome proliferators in mice 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
In the present study, we characterized the effects of peroxisome proliferators (PP) on adipose tissue in mice. Treatment with
potent PP, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 2-methyl-2-(p(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy-naphthyl)-phenoxy)propionic acid, (4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)2-pyrimidinylthio) acetic acid, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,
caused dramatic decreases in adipose tissue weight, whereas the moderately potent PP, acetylsalicylic acid, had a relatively
weak effect. This decrease in weight reflects a loss of fat from adipocytes rather than a loss of cells, as demonstrated by
constant DNA content. The dose-dependency and time-course experiments indicate that peroxisome proliferation occurs simultaneously
with or prior to adipose tissue atrophy. Thus, hepatic peroxisome proliferation might result in the increased mobilization
of lipids and lipid utilization in liver. The enhanced adipose tissue hormonesensitive lipase (HSL) activity and down-regulated
lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity observed upon PP treatment might, at least in part, explain the loss of fat via increase FA release from adipocytes and/or decreased FA uptake from the circulation, respectively. In addition, the possible
involvement of the increased tumor necrosis factor α expression found upon PFOA treatment in reducing the insulin sensitivity
of adipose tissue and thereby altering LPL and HSL activities is discussed. 相似文献
927.
Sit-Foon?Cheng Yuen-May?ChooEmail author Ah-Ngan?Ma Cheng-Hock?Chuah 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2005,82(11):791-795
Rapid synthesis of high-purity MAG from refined, bleached, and deodorized palm stearin (RBDPS) via chemical glycerolysis in the presence of pyridine was developed to obviate the conventional molecular distillation in the
production of pure MAG. The optimal reaction for the sodium methoxide-catalyzed glycerolyis of RBDPS was recorded at 110°C
using a 3 wt% catalyst concentration based on the weight of RBDPS, with an RBDPS/glycerol ratio of 1∶2 and an RBDPS/pyridine
ratio of 1∶4. High yields of over 99% were achieved rapidly in 15 min, and increases in DAG and FFA were observed after a
prolonged reaction time. 相似文献
928.
Summary
2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran (DHMF) was polymerized via constant current electrolysis (CCE), in CH3CN-NaClO4 solvent-electrolyte couple. Poly(DHMF) was obtained from the anolyte. The effect of current density, temperature, monomer and electrolyte concentrations on the polymer yield have been examined. The apparent activation energy for CCE of DHMF was found to be 37.2 kj/mol. The FTIR and 1H-NMR analyses show that DHMF polymerizes by a ring opening. Molecular weight of poly(DHMF) was found by using cryoscopy. 相似文献
929.
Mohamed M. Abd-Alla Maher F. El-Zohry Kamal I. Aly Mohamed M. M. Abd-El-Wahab 《应用聚合物科学杂志》1993,47(2):323-329
A new interesting category of organometallic polyesters based on diarylidenecycloalkanones containing ferrocene derivatives in the polymer main chain has been prepared by interfacial polycondensation of 1,1′-dichlorocarbonyl ferrocene or 1,1′-dichlorocarbonyl-4,4′-diiodoferrocene with 2,5-bis(p-hydroxybenzylidene)cyclopentanone, 2,5-divanillylidenecyclopentanone, 2,6-bis(p-hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone, 2,6-divanillylidenecyclohexanone, and 2,7-bis(p-hydroxybenzylidene) cycloheptanone. The resulting polyesters were characterized by elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy, solubility, and viscometry measurements. The thermal behavior of the synthesized polymers was evaluated by thermal gravimetric analysis and correlated with their structures. The crystallinity of all polymers were examined by x-ray diffraction analysis. Moreover, the electrical conductivity of a selected example of polymer was investigated above the temperature range (300–500 K) and showed that it followed an Arrhenius-type equation with activation energy 2.09 eV. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
930.
We have solved both steady state and transient problems on the biofiltration of toluene vapor. The effect of inlet toluene
concentration and inlet gas-flow rate on the removal rate of toluene and the elimination capacity of a lab-scale biofilter
has been investigated. In this study, the effectiveness factor was a function of pollutant concentration. The dynamic solutions
show good agreement with experimental results. At an inlet toluene concentration of 100 ppm, the diffusion of toluene into
biofilm was obviously a rate determining step. Above 200 ppm, however, biofilm already showed full activity. The steady-state
simulation confirmed that the change of elimination capacity obtained by increasing only inlet toluene concentration was the
same as that obtained by increasing only flow rate of contaminated air. The maximum possible performance is about 20 g/m3h with no addition of nutrients. 相似文献