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61.
End-to-end delay, power consumption, and communication cost are some of the most important metrics in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) when routing from a source to a destination. Recent approaches using the swarm intelligence (SI) technique proved that the local interaction of several simple agents to meet a global goal has a significant impact on MANET routing. In this work, a hybrid routing intelligent algorithm that has an ant colony optimisation (ACO) algorithm and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) is used to improve the various metrics in MANET routing. The ACO algorithm uses mobile agents as ants to identify the most feasible and best path in a network. Additionally, the ACO algorithm helps to locate paths between two nodes in a network and provides input to the PSO technique, which is a metaheuristic approach in SI. The PSO finds the best solution for a particle’s position and velocity and minimises cost, power, and end-to-end delay. This hybrid routing intelligent algorithm has an improved performance when compared with the simple ACO algorithm in terms of delay, power consumption, and communication cost. 相似文献
62.
CoMo and NiMo supported Al2O3 catalysts have been investigated for hydrotreating of model molecule as well as industrial feedstock. Activity studies were carried out for thiophene and SRGO hydrodesulfurization (HDS) in an atmospheric pressure and batch reactor respectively. These activities on sulfided catalysts were evaluated as a function of promoter content [M/(M + Mo) = 0.30, 0.34, 0.39; M = Co or Ni] using fixed (ca. 8 wt.%) molybdenum content. The promoted catalysts were characterized by textural properties, XRD, and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). TPR spectra of the Co and Ni promoter catalysts showed that Ni promotes the easy reduction of Mo species compared with Co. With the variation of promoter content NiMo catalyst was found to be superior to CoMo catalyst for gas oil HDS, while at low-promoter content the opposite trend was observed for HDS of thiophene. The behavior was attributed to the several reaction mechanisms involved for gas oil HDS. A nice relationship was obtained for hydrodesulfurized gas oil refractive index (RI) and aromatic content, which corresponds to the Ni hydrogenation property. 相似文献
63.
A series of novel copolymer superabsorbents based on monomer acrylamide (AM), potassium methacrylate (KMA), and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were prepared by copolymerization using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator and N,N‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinking agent. The synthetic variables (the monomer concentration, crosslinker concentration, and initiator concentration) were also studied. The experimental results of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) show a better absorbency in both water and NaCl solutions. The copolymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy. The water retention in the soil was enhanced using the above superabsorbents. The use of SAPs for the growth of groundnut plants was also investigated. SAPs can be considered for water‐managing materials for agriculture and horticulture purposes in desert and drought‐prone areas. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1795–1801, 2002 相似文献
64.
Hydrotreating of Maya heavy crude oil over high specific surface area CoMo/TiO2–Al2O3 oxide supported catalysts was studied in an integral reactor close to industrial practice. Activity studies were carried out with Maya crude hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodemetallization (HDM), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), and hydrodeasphaltenization (HDAs) reactions. The effect of support composition, the method of TiO2 incorporation, and the catalyst deactivation are examined. Supported catalysts are characterized by BET specific surface area (SSA), pore volume (PV), pore size distribution (PSD), and atomic absorption. It has been found that sulfided catalysts showed a wide range of activity variation with TiO2 incorporation into the alumina, which confirmed that molybdenum sulfided active phases strongly depend on the nature of support. The pore diameter and nature of the active site for HDS, HDM, HDN, and HDAs account for the influence of the large reactant molecules restricted diffusion into the pore, and/or the decrease in the number of active sites due to the MoS2 phases buried with time-on-stream. The textural properties and hysteresis loop area of supported and spent catalysts indicated that catalysts were deactivated at the pore mouth due to the metal and carbon depositions. The atomic absorption results agreed well regarding the textural properties of spent catalysts. Thus, incorporation of TiO2 with γ-Al2O3 alters the nature of active metal interaction with support, which may facilitate the dispersion of active phases on the support surface. Therefore, the TiO2 counterpart plays a promoting role to HDS activity due to the favorable morphology of MoS2 phases and metal support interaction. 相似文献
65.
T. Chandrasekhara Rao G. Lakshminarayana N. B. L. Prasad S. Jagan Mohan Rao G. Azeemoddin D. Atchyuta Ramayya S. D. Thirumala Rao 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1984,61(9):1472-1473
The seeds and extracted oils ofCarissa spinarum (Apocynaceae), (I),Leucaena leucocephala (Leguminosae) (II) andPhysalis minima (Solanaceae) (III) were analyzed for characteristics and compositions. The seeds of I, II and III contained 22.4, 6.4 and
40.0% oil and 10.1, 27.6 and 17.9% protein, respectively. The oils of I, II and III had, respectively, iodine values 70.1,
113.5 and 122.5; saponification values 186, 188 and 189; unsaponifiable matter 5.2, 2.5 and 0.8%, and the following fatty
acid compositions (area %): palmitic 12.6, 14.2, 10.5; stearic 7.6, 6.1, 8.6; oleic 72.7, 20.1, 17.3; linoleic 5.2, 53.8,
61.4; linolenic 0.9, 1.8, 0.0, and arachidic 1.0, 2.3, 0.0. II contained 1.7% lignoceric acid. III contained small amounts
of hexadecenoic (0.1%), epoxy (0.6%) and hydroxy (1.5%) fatty acids. 相似文献
66.
Ashwin S. Dhabale Rutuja Dive Mohan V. Aware Shantanu Das 《Asian journal of control》2015,17(6):2143-2152
In this paper a new algorithm is presented to calculate the poles and zeros to approximate a fractional order (FO) differintegral (s±α,α∈(0,1)) by a rational function on a finite frequency band ω∈(ωl,ωh). The constant phase property of the FO differintegral is the basis for development of the algorithm. Interlacing of real poles and zeros is used to achieve the constant phase. The calculations are done using the asymptotic Bode phase plot. A brief investigation is made to get a good approximation for the Bode phase plot. Two design parameters are introduced to keep the average phase close to the desired phase angle and to keep the error within the allowed bounds. A study is done to empirically understand the relationship between the error and the design parameters. The results thus obtained help in the further calculations. The algorithm is computationally simple and inexpensive, and gives a fairly good approximation of fractance frequency response on the specified frequency band. 相似文献
67.
68.
Design of Barrages with Genetic Algorithm Based Embedded Simulation Optimization Approach 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Raj Mohan Singh 《Water Resources Management》2011,25(2):409-429
Barrages are hydraulic structures constructed across rivers to divert flow into irrigation canals or power generation channels.
The most of these structures are founded on permeable foundation. The optimum cost of these structures is nonlinear function
of factors that cause the seepage forces under the structure. There is, however, no procedure to ascertain the basic barrage
parameters such as depth of sheet piles or cutoffs and the length and thickness of floor in a cost–effective manner. In this
paper, a nonlinear optimization formulation (NLOF), which consists of an objective function of minimizing total cost, is solved
using genetic algorithm (GA). The mathematical model that represents the subsurface flow is embedded in the NLOF. The applicability
of the approach has been illustrated with a typical example of barrage profile. The results obtained in this study shows drastic
cost savings when the proposed NLOF is solved using GA than that of using classical optimization technique and conventional
method. A parametric analysis has also been performed to study the effect of varying soil and hydrological conditions on design
parameters and on over all cost. 相似文献
69.
70.
We advocate the use of quickly‐adjustable, computer‐controlled color spectra in photography, lighting and displays. We present an optical relay system that allows mechanical or electronic color spectrum control and use it to modify a conventional camera and projector. We use a diffraction grating to disperse the rays into different colors, and introduce a mask (or LCD/DMD) in the optical path to modulate the spectrum. We analyze the trade‐offs and limitations of this design, and demonstrate its use in a camera, projector and light source. We propose applications such as adaptive color primaries, metamer detection, scene contrast enhancement, photographing fluorescent objects, and high dynamic range photography using spectrum modulation. 相似文献