This study examines the effects of different types of structural assurance mechanisms on trusting intention in business-to-consumer
electronic commerce. Inconsistent results from prior research on structural assurance motivated the current study to further
explore the nature of structural assurance. Based on the Institution-based Trust Theory, this paper proposes that different
types of structural assurance mechanisms, specifically: seals of approval, vendor-specific guarantees, protections from credit
card companies and transaction protections, may have their unique effects on trusting intentions. The results indicate that
customer perceptions about seals of approval and vendor-specific guarantees can significantly influence trusting intentions
while perceptions about protections from credit card companies, legal systems and technology infrastructures do not. 相似文献
Since many PSO variants are easily trapped in local optima from which they can barely break free, this paper proposes an adaptive hierarchical update particle swarm optimization (AHPSO) algorithm. The new term “local optimum early warning” is first defined to reflect the risk of being trapped in a local optimum. It plays a key role in the global coordinated control to determine the paradigm evolution direction and adjust the trajectory of particles in different risk environments. After that, the adaptive hierarchical update method generates two-layer and three-layer update formulas for the global exploration subpopulation and the local exploitation subpopulation, respectively, in order to improve the capability to resist the temptation of local optima. Consisting of the weighted synthesis sub-strategy and the mean evolution sub-strategy, the multi-choice comprehensive learning strategy is then employed to develop the most suitable learning paradigm to guide the motion path. Moreover, 18 benchmark functions and one real-world optimization problem are employed to evaluate the AHPSO against eight typical PSO variants. According to the experimental results, the AHPSO outperformed other methods in solving different types of functions by yielding high solution accuracy and high convergence speed.