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21.
A novel approach is presented to calculate the sensitivities of the scattering parameters of microwave filters obtained with the full‐wave mode‐matching (MM) technique. Using only the MM simulation of the original network, the sensitivities of the scattering parameters with respect to all designable parameters are obtained. The adjoint network method (ANM) is applied to the generalized scattering matrices of the different filter components. This guarantees good accuracy of the calculated sensitivities. The implementation details are discussed for N‐resonator ridge waveguide filters. Excellent agreement is obtained between the sensitivities calculated using ANM and those obtained using the expensive central differences. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2006. 相似文献
22.
Fadwa T. Eljack Ahmed F. Abdelhady Mario R. Eden Frederico B. Gabriel Xiaoyun Qin Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi 《Computers & Chemical Engineering》2005,29(11-12):2304
Decoupling the constitutive equations from the balance and constraint equations allows for reformulating a conventional forward problem into two reverse problems. The first reverse problem is the reverse of a simulation problem, where the process model is solved in terms of the constitutive (synthesis/design) variables instead of the process variables, thus providing the synthesis/design targets. The second reverse problem (reverse property prediction) solves the constitutive equations to identify unit operations, operating conditions and/or products by matching the synthesis/design targets. Visualization of the problem is achieved by employing recently developed property clustering techniques, which allows a high-dimensional problem to be visualized in two or three dimensions. The clusters by definition satisfy intra-stream and inter-stream conservation through linear “mixing” rules, which allows for the development of consistent additive rules along with their ternary representation. 相似文献
23.
Mahmoud Mollabashi R. M. Lees Li-Hong Xu M. Bakota 《Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves》1993,14(12):2569-2582
The microwave spectrum of CD3OH has been studied over the 8 to 58 GHz region, and numerousb-type transitions have been assigned. Many of these belong toP subbranches which descend to the microwave region from subband origins lying much higher in the far-infrared, pass through zero frequency, and return upward again. Others are members ofb-typeQ branches which extend across the region. As well, variousa-typeK-doublet lines arising as transitions directly across the split levels of asymmetry doublets have been identified. 相似文献
24.
Mahmoud Abu-Zeid 《国际水资源开发杂志》2001,17(4):527-538
Access to water is viewed as a basic human right, a social necessity and a critical environmental resource in spite of the fact that water also has its own financial and economic values. Thus, the selection of set prices and pricing mechanisms addressing these contradicting views is remarkably complicated. On the other hand, water pricing is typically viewed as a good means to cover initial costs and sustain resources invested in water systems development, especially irrigated agriculture. Additionally, the cost of water services needs to be reasonable enough and linked to the amount of water consumed to encourage conservation. This paper illustrates criteria for equitable cost sharing, which include economic justification, efficiency and equity as well as users' acceptance. Elements of agricultural water pricing are also discussed. These elements comprise: the cost of water services, which is the total cost associated with irrigated agricultural systems development; the value of water, which reflects water's economic, social, environmental, cultural and religious values in the society; and the cost recovery mechanisms, which are the organizational and administrative measures to implement agreed upon policies to value water and services and make the collections. 相似文献
25.
The molecular weight of polyacrylic acid (PAA) was determined by a viscometric method using NaNO3 as solvent at 30°C. The specific electric conductivities (σ) of PAA as well as PAA doped with carbon black (CB), chromium oxide (Cr2O3), and cupferron with different concentrations (from 0.25 to 1 wt %) were measured at a temperature range 360–400 K. IR spectra of some polymers were determined and it was shown that when PAA was doped with 0.5 wt % CB, a C? O? C band appeared at 775–875 cm?1. The positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectra in PAA doped with the above‐mentioned dopants were measured as a function of their concentrations. It was observed that the short lifetime intensity I1 decreased, whereas the intermediate lifetime intensity I2, which is related to the conductivity of the material, increased with increasing the wt % of Cr2O3 and cupferron as well as at low concentrations of CB. These results are discussed in terms of the conducting island model. It was found that there were distinct positive relationships between σ and I2. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 877–883, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10381 相似文献
26.
Golestaneh S. Hafez H.M. Mahmoud S.A. 《Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on》1994,43(4):946-954
In FDMA cellular radio systems, the adjacent channel interference (ACI) is suppressed by the IF filter and also by a distance factor. Channels immediately adjacent to each other in frequency are assigned to different cells and, as such, the distance plays a role in reducing their mutual interference. The authors study the feasibility of optimizing the frequency spacing between carriers such that the combined effect of distance and IF filter will be enough to control the interference while allowing the maximum number of channels in a given bandwidth. They also study the decision feedback equalizer (DFE) as a means to reduce any excess ACI that results from reducing the channel spacing. The paper starts with a model that estimates the cumulative probability density of the signal to adjacent channel interference ratio (SIR) as a function of the channel spacing. They then present the results of a computer simulation study to estimate the performance of DFE in mitigating the effect of ACI. The results indicate that, under the conditions of slow flat fading and selection diversity, the DFE is very effective in reducing the effect of excess ACI interference which allows for a considerable reduction in the frequency spacing 相似文献
27.
This paper presents a new massively parallel MIMD architecture, halfway between the Connection Machine and hypercubes based on 32-bit processors. It is built from specific 8-bit processors arranged in a 2-D grid and communicating by message transfers. We discuss the communication problems, the instruction set of the basic processing unit, the programmation of the whole array and the use of a high level data-flow language. 相似文献
28.
Mostafa Moussaid Stphane Caillet Josphine Nketsia‐Tabiri Cheikh Boubekri Monique Lacroix 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》2004,84(13):1657-1662
The study evaluated the effects of waxing, irradiation dose and post‐irradiation storage time on the essential oils in orange peel. Mature oranges (Maroc late) waxed or unwaxed were treated with 1 or 2 kGy radiation and stored for 9 weeks at 20 °C and 40–50% RH. Essential oils from the peel were extracted and analysed by GC. Results showed that D ‐limonene was significantly lower in waxed oranges; levels in samples treated with 2 kGy were higher than those in non‐irradiated or treated with 1 kGy. Linalool, methyl anthranilate and 3,7‐dimethyl‐2,6‐octadienal decreased as the dose increased. Levels of linalool increased with storage time but D ‐limonene was unaffected. These results may aid in guaranteeing the quality of orange essential oils during storage time. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
29.
The spermatogenesis of Pseudis limellum, from the Southern Pantanal, Brazil, was studied from July 1995 to May 1996, through histological sections of the testis. The cells could be differentiated as: primary spermatogonia, large cells, generally with bilobed nucleus; secondary spermatogonia, smaller cells, with darker cytoplasm, chromatin of radial form; primary and secondary spermatocytes, differentiated according to the different stages of the nucleus during the successive cells divisions. Furthermore, we observed cells in process of morphologic differentiation: rounded spermatids much smaller, with nucleus containing chromatin in compacting process and cytoplasm reduction; elongated spermatids, generally parallel organized in well defined bundles, with the anterior region directed toward the periphery of the seminiferous tubule and the tail directed toward the lumen. Spermatozoa are free in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. All the cells are organized as cysts, which are supported by a large amount of Sertoli cells. The spermatogenesis in P. limellum is very similar to that of other anurans, but peculiarities were observed regarding the organization of the germ cells, the great amount of free Sertoli cells in the lumen of testis collected in May, and the long cytoplasmatic extensions of the cells bearing pigments and involving the seminiferous tubule. The diameter of the seminiferous tubule (SD) exhibited an annual mean of 251.79 +/- 37.57 microm. Spermatozoa number by seminiferous tubule (SN) exhibited an annual mean of 306.66 +/- 39.83, also with higher and lower values at each month. Variations in SD and SN were not significantly correlated with climatic variables. In this species, reproduction occurs throughout the year in ponds and flooded areas, despite the seasonal climate of the Pantanal. Although males varied in their annual reproductive activity, they were considered potentially reproductive in all months throughout the year. 相似文献
30.