Fabrication and Circuit Modeling of NMOS Inverter Based on Quantum Dot Gate Field-Effect Transistors

This paper presents the fabrication of a negative-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor (NMOS) inverter based on quantum dot gate field-effect transistors (QDG-FETs). A QDG-FET produces one intermediate state in its transfer characteristic. NMOS inverters based on a QDG-FET produce three states in their transfer characteristic. The generation of the third state in the inverter characteristic makes this a promising circuit element for multivalued logic implementation. A circuit simulation result based on the Berkley simulation (BSIM) circuit model of the QDG-FET is also presented in this paper, predicting the fabricated device characteristic.     

Modelling of hybrid energy system—Part II: Combined dispatch strategies and solution algorithm

Computer simulation is an increasingly popular tool for determining the most suitable hybrid energy system type, design and control for an isolated community or a cluster of villages. This paper presents the development of the optimum control algorithm based on combined dispatch strategies, to achieve the optimal cost of battery incorporated hybrid energy system for electricity generation, during a period of time by solving the mathematical model, which was developed in Part I of this tri-series paper.The main purpose of the control system proposed here is to reduce, as much as possible, the participation of the diesel generator in the electricity generation process, taking the maximum advantage of the renewable energy resources available.The overall load dispatch scenario is controlled by the availability of renewable power, total system load demand, diesel generator operational constraints and the proper management of the battery bank. The incorporation of a battery bank makes the control operation more practical and relatively easier.     

Influence of process conditions on product yield of waste tyre pyrolysis- A review

Waste tyres have become a grave concern as their accumulation is aggregating every year. Not only the size of waste tyre has to be reduced, but also some useful energy has to be recovered out of it as the world badly requires energy from alternate sources. Pyrolysis is one such method to extract energy potential products from waste tyres. It is extensively used to generate carbon black (solid product), tyre-oil (liquid product) and syngas (gas product) from waste tyres. In that connection, this article discusses the effect of various parameters on the product composition of pyrolysis of waste tyres. The current usage of pyrolysis products and their typical characteristics are also discussed in this critique. Of late, extraction of high value added products, such as activated carbon from carbon black, and limonene from tyre-oil is gaining attention. The article also throws some light on the application and generation routes of activated carbon and limonene from waste tyres.     

Geometrical Variability Impact on the Performance of Sub - 3 nm Gate-All-Around Stacked Nanosheet FET

Silicon - To meet the scaling targets and continue with Moore’s Law, the transition from FinFET to Gate-All-Around (GAA) nanosheet Field Effect Transistors (FETs) is the necessity for...     

Synthesis,optimization and characterization of PVA-co-poly(methacrylic acid) green adsorbents and applications in environmental remediation

Polymer Bulletin - The present paper is focused on the synthesis and optimization of a green PVA-co-poly(MAA) adsorbent by free radical polymerization using N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide and...     

Vibrational spectra and dissociation of aqueous Na2SiO3 solutions

To facilitate molecular spectroscopic observation of the mysterious transition of dissolved sodium silicate molecules into nanoparticles of desired silica gel and zeolite structures, the IR and Raman spectra of Na₂H₂SiO₄ monomers are studied here in details. It is demonstrated that the 3–0.2 mol/L aqueous solutions of Na₂SiO₃ and Na₂SiO₃ × 9H₂O contain mostly Na₂H₂SiO₄ monomers dissociated about 30%–80%, respectively. In contrast to the common belief the Si–O vibrations of these monomers depend on their dissociation level generating FTIR and Raman bands which are frequently associated with polymer silica structures in the current literature. To stay consistent with the molweight and dissociation measurements, these vibrational assignments are revised in this paper. Some unique and unexpected effects of D₂O used instead of H₂O as solvent are also reported.     

Benzyl ester of dehydrated castor oil fatty acid as plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride)

The poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) industry plays an important role in today's total plastics industry. The major volume of PVC is used as soft and plasticized PVC. PVC applications consume approximately 80% of the total production of plasticizers. Most of the common plasticizers are aromatic esters of phthalic acid. In the majority of countries, phthalate plasticizers are banned due to their carcinogenic properties. The concern raised about toxicity led to a large demand for bio‐based non‐toxic plasticizers. Hence, there is an increasing interest in replacing the phthalate plasticizers with those produced from simple bio‐based materials. Dehydrated castor oil fatty acid (DCOFA) is a renewable resource which can be esterified and used as an environment friendly plasticizer for PVC. Benzyl ester (BE) was prepared by reacting DCOFA with benzyl alcohol in the presence of catalyst at 170–180 °C. Esterification was further confirmed by acid value, hydroxyl number, ¹H NMR and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. The modified plasticizer was used in various proportions as a co‐plasticizer in PVC for partial replacement of dioctyl phthalate (DOP). With an increase in the proportion of BE in PVC samples, a good plasticizing performance was observed. The incorporation of BE also resulted in a reduction in viscosity and viscosity pick‐up and improved mechanical, exudation, thermal degradation and chemical resistance properties. The presence of BE showed a reduction in the whiteness index due to presence of conjugated double bonds in the structure. The results of DSC, XRD and Shore hardness studies showed no significant variation in properties compared with those of DOP‐plasticized sheets and thus we can conclude that BE can be used as a co‐plasticizer in PVC. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Wheat embryo ribonucleates. VIII. The presence of 7-methylguanosine 'cap structures' in the RNA of imbibing wheat embryos

1. By imbibing wheat embryos in media that contain methyl-labelled methionine, it is possible to label both terminal and nonterminal 7-methylguanosine constituents in NaCl-insoluble (2.5 M, 0 degrees C) RNA (iRNA). 2. Most of the 7-[Me-14C]methylguanosine in wheat embryo i[Me-14C]RNA is present in nonterminal positions of polynucleotide chains, probably in ribosomal RNA. 3. By passage through a column of oligo-dT-cellulose, it is possible, to show that most of the 7-[Me-3H]methylguanosine in a 'bound' fraction of i[Me-3]RNA from imbibing wheat embryos is present in terminal 'cap' structures, probably in messenger RNA. 4. Although most of the 7-[Me-3H]methylguanosine in the 'unbound' (to oligo-dT-cellulose) fraction of i[Me-3H]RNA was present in nonterminal positions, there was also a highly significant fraction of 7-[Me-3H]methylguanosine in terminal 'cap' structures. Although it will be a subject of continued investigation, possible reasons why a large fraction of the total 7-[Me-3H]-methylguanosine was present in the 'unbound' fraction, in this present study, are a subject of discussion. 5. Careful analysis failed to reveal the presence of any N6,O2'-di[Me-3H]methyladenosine in the 'unbound' fraction of i[Me-3H]RNA. 6. Factors that might influence the binding of 'cap' oligonucleotides to DEAE-cellulose are the subject of a brief discussion.