Site‐specific delivery of green tea coated aluminium magnesium silicate beads and studies on their effect against chicken coccidiosis

In this report, the site‐specific co‐delivery of green tea/aluminium magnesium silicate (AMS) was reported and the specific target delivery was achieved orally. The new co‐precipitation process was developed to synthesis the green tea/AMS hybrid complex and using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman confirmed its successful synthesis. The blood biocompatibility of the green tea/AMS was tested using chicken blood, and the compound is safe up to 500 mg/ml. After mixed with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, the oral beads were synthesised using a linking agent. The oral beads underwent different pH‐based dissolution studies and the results indicated that the beads specifically dissolved in gastric pH (6.5). The pharmaco kinetic studies were performed to estimate the delivery kinetics. The results revealed that the beads underwent as per the Higuchi model. The anticoccidial effects of the beads were tested using chicken. The animal studies were performed in two different modes such as prophylactic treatment and active treatment after Eimeria species challenge. The results indicated that the prophylactic treatment with beads 100% protected the chicken and the active treatment with beads after the Eimeria challenge significantly protected against the intestinal damage and it also enhanced the anticoccidial effect.Inspec keywords: X‐ray chemical analysis, drug delivery systems, pH, drugs, biomedical materials, blood, dissolving, Fourier transform infrared spectra, Raman spectra, aluminium compounds, magnesium compounds, precipitation (physical chemistry), materials preparationOther keywords: prophylactic treatment, active treatment, anticoccidial effect, green tea coated aluminium magnesium silicate beads, chicken coccidiosis, target delivery, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, blood biocompatibility, chicken blood, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, oral beads, pharmacokinetic studies, delivery kinetics, animal studies, site‐specific codelivery, pH‐based dissolution, coprecipitation process, green tea‐AMS hybrid complex, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, linking agent, gastric pH, Al₂ Mg₃ O₁₈ Si₆ , intestinal damage, Eimeria species, anticoccidial effects, Higuchi model     

Keratin hydrolysate as an exhausting agent in textile reactive dyeing process

Salt is an essential exhausting agent for the dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes. The usage of salt leads to an increased effluent load in terms of total dissolved solids and also limits the opportunities for recycling textile dye house effluents. These effluents are difficult to degrade and their disposal leads to environmental pollution. In the present work, we have prepared keratin hydrolysate (KH) from waste of wool processing industries to reduce the usage of salt in dyeing. The KH was fixed to the cotton fabric at five different add on percentage, and the presence of the KH on the fabric was confirmed by FTIR, TGA and SEM-EDX Studies. The KH-fixed fabrics were further dyed with reactive dyes without addition of salt. The colour strength of the fabric increased up to 91 % to that of the control sample. The studies reveal that the tone of the fabric was not altered and KH usage can significantly reduce salt consumption in reactive dyeing process.     

Multi-signaling detection of Hg2+ and Cu2+ by a ferrocene–pyrazole dyad associated with molecular-scale arithmetic

Ferrocene-based sensor R was synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods. The optical, electrochemical and cation-sensing properties of receptor R are presented. Receptor R behaves as a selective multi-channel signaling chemosensor molecule for Hg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions in CH₃CN. The binding mode of Hg²⁺ with R was determined by ¹³C NMR titration. Both optical and electrochemical methods were applied for the detection of cations in water sample. The characteristic fluorescence of R with the Cu²⁺ selective ON–OFF and the Hg²⁺ selective fluorescence bathochromic shift can be observed and the concept has been used to construct a combinational logic circuit at the molecular level.     

An Improved Direct Digital Synthesizer Using Hybrid Wave Pipelining and CORDIC algorithm for Software Defined Radio

The improved Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) using the Hybrid Wave Pipelining (HWP) technique and COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer (CORDIC) algorithm for Software Defined Radio (SDR) is presented in this paper. In order to achieve high throughput, the hybrid wave pipelining technique is adopted. The HWP can be used to speed up the circuits without insertion of storage elements. The CORDIC algorithm is used for phase-to-amplitude conversion and utilized for dynamic transformation rather than Read Only Memory (ROM) static addressing. The frequency resolution and phase resolution are achieved as 0.023 Hz and 0.088 degree, respectively, at the maximum operating frequency of 199.288 MHz for the proposed DDS architecture. The spectral purity of the proposed design has been improved to 114 dBc with a throughput of 94 %. This paper is focused on the design and implementation of DDS using hybrid wave pipelining with CORDIC approach to target on Xilinx Spartan 3 (XC3S400-5PQ208) Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) with a speed grade of ?5. The proposed DDS design reduces the gate count from 49.4 % to 18.2 % as compared to the conventional pipelined Read Only Memory Look Up Table (ROMLUT) DDS method. The throughput of the proposed method has been improved from 78 % to 94 % and 55 % of total power reduction as compared with conventional DDS. The performance of the improved DDS architecture is compared with several existing DDS architectures and it is found that the present design is outperforming and can be used for software defined radios.     

Effect of Load and Composition on Friction and Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Tungsten Carbide Particle-Reinforced Iron Composites

Investigations on the dry sliding wear behavior of tungsten carbide (WC)-reinforced iron matrix composites were carried out at room temperature. Three sets of samples (unreinforced iron, 4 wt% micrometer-size (～5–15 μm) WC-reinforced iron and 4 wt% nanosize (～30 nm) WC-reinforced iron were prepared using a powder metallurgy route to assess their friction and wear behaviors under two different loads. The relative dry sliding wear performances of the micrometer-size and nanosize WC-reinforced composites were compared with unreinforced matrix. An increase in microhardness of the order of 2.5 times was observed in the case of 4 wt% nanosize WC-reinforced iron matrix compared to the unreinforced iron matrix. The wear rate was 1.35 to 1.45 times lower in the case of nanocomposites compared to the unreinforced iron matrix (under different experimental conditions). The values of the coefficient of friction (COF) of composites were found to decrease with increase in load. Nanocomposites showed lower COF, surface roughness, and fractal dimension (D) values than micrometer-size WC-reinforced composites and the unreinforced iron matrix.     

Tethering of Cu(II) Schiff base metal complex on mesoporous material MCM-41: catalyst for Ullmann-type coupling reactions

The siloxane-functioned Cu(II) complex derived from 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, terephthaldehyde and 2-aminophenol was anchored on hexagonal mesoporous silica MCM-41. The MCM-41 and its Schiff base MCM-41 complex was characterized by FTIR, small-angle X-ray diffraction, SEM-EDX, N₂ adsorption and desorption analysis and TGA. The synthesized Cu-Schiff base MCM-41 catalyst has been successfully applied as a catalyst for Ullmann-type coupling reaction of the aryl halides with aryl halides, phenols, amines and N-heterocyclic amines. In the coupling reaction the yields of the products were good and the catalyst was recovered by simple filtration method and can be reused.     

Novel Bacillus ginsengihumi CMRO6 Inhibits Adipogenesis via p38MAPK/Erk44/42 and Stimulates Glucose Uptake in 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocytes through Akt/AS160 Signaling

The health benefits of probiotics have been known for decades, but there has only been limited use of probiotics in the treatment of obesity. In this study, we describe, for the first time, the role of cell-free metabolites (CM) from Bacillus ginsengihumi-RO6 (CMRO6) in adipogenesis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. The experimental results show that CMRO6 treatment effectively reduced lipid droplet accumulation and the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and β (C/EBPα and C/EBPβ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), serum regulatory binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), phosphorylated p38MAPK, and Erk44/42. Additionally, CMRO6 treatment significantly increased glucose uptake and phosphorylated Akt (S473), AS160, and TBC1D1 protein expressions. Considering the results of this study, B. ginsengihumi may be a novel probiotic used for the treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders.