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991.
992.
Elizabeth?Gutierrez Tong?WangEmail author 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2004,81(10):971-977
Soybeans are believed to be a rich source of sphingolipids, a class of polar lipids that has received attention for their
possible cancer-inhibiting activities. The effect of processing on the sphingolipid content of various soybean products has
not been determined. Glucosylceramide (GlcCer), the major sphingolipid type in soybeans, was measured in several processed
soybean products to illustrate which product(s) GlcCer is partitioned into during processing and where it is lost. Whole soybeans
were processed into full-fat flakes, from which crude oil was extracted. Crude oil was refined by conventional methods, and
defatted soy flakes were further processed into alcohol-washed and acid-washed soy protein concentrates (SPC) and soy protein
isolates (SPI) by laboratory-scale methods that simulated industrial practices. GlcCer was isolated from the samples by solvent
extraction, solvent partition, and TLC and was quantified by HPLC. GlcCer remained mostly within the defatted soy flakes (91%)
rather than in the oil (9%) after oil extraction. Only 52, 42, and 26% of GlcCer from defatted soy flakes was recovered in
the acid-washed SPC, alcohol-washed SPC, and SPI products, respectively. All protein products had a similar GlcCer concentration
of about 281 nmol/g (dry wt basis). The minor quantity of GlcCer in the crude oil was almost completely removed by water degumming. 相似文献
993.
X‐ray diffraction methods, DSC thermal analysis, and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were used to investigate the structural changes of nylon 66/clay nanocomposites. PA 66/clay nanocomposites were prepared by the method of melt intercalation. The results indicate that the addition of the intercalated organo‐montmorillonite (OMMT) can induce generation of the β‐form crystal of PA 66 and substantially affect the arrangement of molecules in the α‐form crystal, although the crystallinity scarcely changes. Also, the DSC results indicate that the addition of OMMT in the PA 66 matrix leads to increases of crystallization temperatures and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the exothermic peaks. Moreover, the viscosity factor is the main influence on FWHM of the exothermic peaks of PA 66/clay nanocomposites. The results of nonisothermal crystallization kinetics show that OMMT has the effect of heterogeneous nucleation and leads to the decrease of the size of the spherocrystal. The heterogeneous nucleation effects of OMMTs influence the mechanism of crystallization and the growth mode of PA 66 crystals. PLM photographs verify that the size of spherocrystal is decreased and visually confirm the theory of crystallization kinetics. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 756–763, 2005 相似文献
994.
用醋酸纤维素膜包络化学肥料、药物、农药等有效成份,研制开发出一类新型的、由内包络体和控速膜构成的控制释放系统──XD型膜包络体系列。对制备原理、结构形态、膜包络体控制释放特性进行了分析讨论,展示了该类新型控制释放系统的应用前景。 相似文献
995.
996.
James?A.?KenarEmail author Gerhard?Knothe Robert?O.?Dunn Thomas?W.?RyanIII Andrew?Matheaus 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2005,82(3):201-205
Carbonates are a class of compounds that have recently found increasing interest in commercial applications owing to their
physical properties and relatively straightforward synthesis. In this work, physical and fuel properties of five straight-chain
C17–39 and three branched C17–33 oleochemical carbonates were investigated. These properties included cetane number (CN), low-temperature properties, (kinematic)
viscosity, lubricity, and surface tension. The carbonates studied had CN ranging from 47 to 107 depending on carbon chain
length and branching. For the same number of carbons, the CN of carbonates were lower than those of FA alkyl esters owing
to interruption of the CH2 chain by the carbonate moiety. Kinematic viscosities at 40°C ranged from 4.9 to 22.6 mm2/s whereas m.p. ranged from +3 to below −50°C depending on the carbonate structure. High-frequency reciprocating rig testing
showed the neat carbonates to have acceptable lubricity that improved as chain length increased. Finally, the carbonate's
ability to influence cold-flow properties in biodiesel (methyl soyate) and lubricity in low-lubricity ultra-low sulfur diesel
were examined. The carbonates studied did not significantly affect cold flow or lubricity properties at concentrations up
to 10,000 ppm (1 wt%). The properties of the carbonates resemble those of fatty alkyl esters with similar trends resulting
from compound structure. 相似文献
997.
Defatted field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) seedmeal was found to completely inhibit seedling germination/emergence when added to a sandy loam soil containing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and arugula [Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill.) Thell.] seeds at levels of 1.0% w/w or higher. Covering the pots with Petri dishes containing the soil-seedmeal mixture decreased germination of both species at the lowest application rate (0.5% w/w), suggesting that the some of the phytotoxins were volatile. CH2Cl2, MeOH, and water extracts of the wetted seedmeal were bioassayed against wheat and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby) radicle elongation. Only the CH2Cl2 extract was strongly inhibitory to both species. Fractionation of the CH2Cl2 extract yielded two major phytotoxins, identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and NMR as 2-propen-1-yl (allyl) isothiocyanate (AITC) and allyl thiocyanate (ATC), which constituted 80.9 and 18.8%, respectively, of the active fraction. When seeds of wheat, arugula and sicklepod were exposed to volatilized AITC and ATC, germination of all three species was completely inhibited by both compounds at concentrations of 5 ppm or less. In field studies, where seedmeal was applied at 0.50, 1.25, and 2.50 kg/m2 and tarped with black plastic mulch, all of the treatments significantly reduced dry weight of bioassay plants compared to the tarped control, with the highest seedmeal rate decreasing dry matter to less than 10% of the control 30 d after seedmeal application. Field pennycress seedmeal appears to offer excellent potential as a biofumigant for high-value horticultural crops for both conventional and organic growers.Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable. 相似文献
998.
Janaina Braga do?CarmoEmail author Christopher?Neill Diana?C.?Garcia-Montiel Marisa?de Cássia Piccolo Carlos?C.?Cerri Paul?A.?Steudler Cristiano Alberto?de Andrade Caio?C.?Passianoto Brigitte?J.?Feigl Jerry?M.?Melillo 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2005,71(3):213-225
The clearing of tropical rain forest in the Amazon basin has created large areas of cattle pasture that are now declining in productivity. Practices adopted by ranchers to restore productivity to degraded pastures have the potential to alter soil N availability and gaseous N losses from soils. We examined how soil inorganic N pools, net N mineralization and net nitrification rates, nitrification potential and NO and N2O emissions from soils of a degraded pasture responded to the following restoration treatments: (1) soil tillage followed by replanting of grass and fertilization, (2) no-till application of non-selective herbicide, planting of rice, harvest followed by no-till replanting of grass and fertilization, and (3) the same no-till sequence with soybeans instead of rice. Tillage increased soil NH4+ and NO3? pools but NH4+ and NO3? pools remained relatively constant in the control and no-till treatments. Cumulative rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification during the first 6 months after treatment varied widely but were hightest in the tilled treatment. Emissions of NO and N2O fluxes increased with tillage and with N fertilization. There were no clear relationships among rates of N fertilizer application, net N mineralization, net nitrification, NO, N2O and total N oxide emissions. Our results indicate that pasture restoration sequences involving tilling and fertilizing will increase emissions of N oxides, but the magnitude of the increase is likely to differ based on timing of fertilizer application relative to the presence of plants and the magnitude of plant N demand. Emissions of N oxides appear to be decreased by the use of restoration sequences that minimize reductions in pasture grass cover. 相似文献
999.
Anders?Falk?VikbjergEmail author Lifeng?Peng Huiling?Mu Xuebing?Xu 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2005,82(4):237-242
The possibilities of producing structured phospholipids between soybean phospholipids and caprylic acid by lipase-catalyzed
acidolysis were examined in continuous packedbed enzyme reactors. Acidolysis reactions were performed in both a solvent system
and a solvent-free system with the commercially immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa (Lipozyme TL IM) as catalyst. In the packed bed reactors, different parameters for the lipase-catalyzed acidolysis were elucidated,
such as solvent ratio (solvent system), temperature, substrate ratio, residence time, water content, and operation stability.
The water content was observed to be very crucial for the acidolysis reaction in packed bed reactors. If no water was added
to the substrate during reactions under the solvent-free system, very low incorporation corporation of caprylic acid was observed.
In both solvent and solvent-free systems, acyl incorporation was favored by a high substrate ratio between acyl donor and
phospholipids, a longer residence time, and a higher reaction temperature. Under certain conditions, the incorporation of
around 30% caprylic acid can be obtained in continuous operation with hexane as the solvent.
Presented at the 95th American Oil Chemists' Society Annual Meeting and Expo in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 10, 2004. 相似文献
1000.
The reversal of humic matter-induced inhibition of callus growth and metabolism by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was studied in Pinus laricio. Two forest humic fractions (relative molecular mass (Mr) > 3500), derived from soil under Fagus sylvatica (Fs) and Abies alba (Aa) plantation, were used. Pinus laricio callus was grown for a subculture period (4 weeks) on Basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium plus forest humic matters (Fs or Aa), at a concentration of 1 mg C/l, and then was transferred, for an additional four weeks, to a MS medium culture without humic matter, but with different hormones: indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 2 mg/1) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, 0.5 mg/1) and/or 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP, 0.25 mg/1). Growth of calluse, glucose, fructose, and sucrose contents, and activities of soluble and bound invertases, glucokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, aldolase, and pyruvate kinase were monitored. The results show a negative effect of humic fractions on callus growth, due to decreased utilization of glucose and fructose, and decreased activities of glycolytic enzymes. The effects are reversible. Substitution of humic fractions with 2,4-D+BAP or 2,4-D is followed by an increase of glycolytic enzyme activities and, consequently, by the utilization of glucose and fructose that induces a restart of growth. In contrast, the inhibitory effects of humic fractions persist when they are substituted with BAP alone, indicating that only the auxin 2,4-D is capable of reversing the negative effects. A possible competitive action on the auxin-binding site between 2,4-D and the chemical structures in the forest humic fractions is suggested. 相似文献