We present translational lemmas for the three standard models of parallel computation, and apply them to obtain tight hierarchy
results. It is shown that, for arbitrarily small rational constant , (i) there is a language which can be accepted by a -uniform circuit family of depth and size but not by any -uniform circuit family of depth and size , (ii) there is a language which can be accepted by a -time -space ATM with l worktapes but not by any -time -space ATM with the same l worktapes if the number of tape symbols is fixed, and (iii) there is a language which can be accepted by a -time PRAM with processors but not by any -time PRAM with processors. Here, c > 0, d ≥ 1, r1 > 1, and r2 ≥ 1 are arbitrary rational constants, and l ≥ 2 is an arbitrary integer.
Preliminary versions of different parts of this paper appeared in Proc. MCU 2004 (LNCS 3354) and Proc. FCT 2005 (LNCS 3623). 相似文献
Firing rates and synchronous firing are often simultaneously relevant signals, and they independently or cooperatively represent external sensory inputs, cognitive events, and environmental situations such as body position. However, how rates and synchrony comodulate and which aspects of inputs are effectively encoded, particularly in the presence of dynamical inputs, are unanswered questions. We examine theoretically how mixed information in dynamic mean input and noise input is represented by dynamic population firing rates and synchrony. In a subthreshold regime, amplitudes of spatially uncorrelated noise are encoded up to a fairly high input frequency, but this requires both rate and synchrony output channels. In a suprathreshold regime, means and common noise amplitudes can be simultaneously and separately encoded by rates and synchrony, respectively, but the input frequency for which this is possible has a lower limit. 相似文献
We consider the problem of learning the commutative subclass of regular languages in the on-line model of predicting {0,1∼-valued
functions from examples and reinforcements due to Littlestone [7,4]. We show that the entire class of commutative deterministic
finite state automata (CDFAs) of an arbitrary alphabet sizek is predictable inO(sk) time with the worst case number of mistakes bounded above byO(skk logs), wheres is the number of states in the target DFA. As a corollary, this result implies that the class of CDFAs is also PAC-learnable
from random labeled examples in timeO(sk) with sample complexity, using a different class of representations. The mistake bound of our algorithm is within a polynomial, for a fixed alphabet
size, of the lower boundO(s+k) we obtain by calculating the VC-dimension of the class. Our result also implies the predictability of the class of finite
sets of commutative DFAs representing the finite unions of the languages accepted by the respective DFAs.
Part of this work was supported by the Office of Naval Research under contract number N00014-87-K-0401 while the author was
at the Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, and N0014-86-K-0454 while at the Department
of Computer and Information Sciences, U.C. Santa Cruz. The author’s email address is abe@IBL.CL.nec.co.jp 相似文献
The ordering of stacking-disordered silicon carbide prepared from the elements by high energy ball milling was investigated
during sintering. A sharp increase in density in the temperature region 1700–1800°C was associated with a decrease in the
disorder. Samples which had low disorder density showed a more continuous sintering behavior with temperature. Highly dense
(up to 99% relative density) SiC can be obtained at 1900°C under a pressure of 70 MPa with no hold time. Similar results were
observed for structurally disordered carbon with 10 at% of boron. The sintering behavior exhibited an abrupt density increase
in the narrow temperature region of 1450–1600°C and was associated with disorder-order transformation. 相似文献
Silica glass was implanted with negative 60 keV Cu ions at an ion flux from 5 to 75 μA/cm2 up to a fluence of 1 × 1017 ions/cm2 at initial sample temperatures of 300, 573 and 773 K. Spectra of ion-induced photon emission (IIPE) were collected in situ in the range from 250 to 850 nm. Optical absorption spectra of implanted specimens were ex situ measured in the range from 190 to 2500 nm.
IIPE spectra showed a broad band centered around 560 nm (2.2 eV) that was assigned to Cu+ solutes. The band appeared at the onset of irradiation, increased in intensity up to a fluence of about 5 × 1015 ions/cm2 and then gradually decreased indicating three stage of the ion beam synthesis of nanoclusters: accumulation of implants, nucleation and growth nanoclusters. The IIPE intensity normalized on the ion flux is independent on the ion flux below 20 μA/cm2at higher fluences. The intensity of the band increased with increasing samples temperature, when optical absorption spectra reveal the increase of Cu nanoparticles size. 相似文献
We consider a variant of the ‘population learning model’ proposed by Kearns and Seung [8], in which the learner is required
to be ‘distribution-free’ as well as computationally efficient. A population learner receives as input hypotheses from a large
population of agents and produces as output its final hypothesis. Each agent is assumed to independently obtain labeled sample
for the target concept and output a hypothesis. A polynomial time population learner is said to PAC-learn a concept class,
if its hypothesis is probably approximately correct whenever the population size exceeds a certain bound which is polynomial,
even if the sample size for each agent is fixed at some constant. We exhibit some general population learning strategies,
and some simple concept classes that can be learned by them. These strategies include the ‘supremum hypothesis finder’, the
‘minimum superset finder’ (a special case of the ‘supremum hypothesis finder’), and various voting schemes. When coupled with
appropriate agent algorithms, these strategies can learn a variety of simple concept classes, such as the ‘high–low game’,
conjunctions, axis-parallel rectangles and others. We give upper bounds on the required population size for each of these
cases, and show that these systems can be used to obtain a speed up from the ordinary PAC-learning model [11], with appropriate
choices of sample and population sizes. With the population learner restricted to be a voting scheme, what we have is effectively
a model of ‘population prediction’, in which the learner is to predict the value of the target concept at an arbitrarily drawn
point, as a threshold function of the predictions made by its agents on the same point. We show that the population learning
model is strictly more powerful than the population prediction model. Finally, we consider a variant of this model with classification
noise, and exhibit a population learner for the class of conjunctions in this model.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
A new optical CO2 sensor based on the overlay of the CO2 induced absorbance change of pH indicator dye α-naphtholphthalein with the fluorescence of tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) was developed. The observed luminescence intensity from TPP at 655 nm increased with increasing the CO2 concentration. The ratio I100/I0 values of the sensing films consisting of α-naphtholphthalein in ethyl cellulose layer and TPP in polystyrene layer, where I0 and I100 represent the detected luminescence intensities from a layer exposed to 100% nitrogen and 100% CO2, respectively, that the sensitivity of the sensor, are more than 53.9. The response and recovery times of the sensing films consisting of α-naphtholphthalein in ethyl cellulose layer and TPP in polystyrene layer were less than 5 s for switching from nitrogen to CO2, and for switching from CO2 to nitrogen. The signal changes were fully reversible and no hysterisis was observed during the measurements. The highly sensitive optical CO2 sensor based on fluorescence intensity changes of TPP due to the absorption change of α-naphtholphthalein with CO2 was achieved. 相似文献
Abstract Efficient electron-transfer reactions from three kind of tetraselenafulvalenes (TSeF's) to photoexcited triplet state of C60 or C70 in polar solvents have been confirmed by transient absorption spectroscopy observing the decay of 3C60*/3C70* and rise of C60??/C70??. Growth of single crystal seems to be stimulated by laser irradiation of the solution containing C60 and bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselena-fulvalene (BEDT-TSeF), in which C60?? was effectively formed. 相似文献
Two‐dimensional (vertical and horizontal) vibrations of a wedge‐type probe upon food rupture were evaluated separately using two accelerometers placed perpendicular to a guide rod of a swing‐arm device for texture evaluation of the flesh of three varieties of apples and three types of potato chips. Voltage signals from the accelerometers were filtered using a half‐octave band‐pass filter. The energy texture index (ETI), based on kinetic energy of the vertical or horizontal probe vibrations, was calculated over low to high frequency bands (no. 1–21). The spectra for the flesh of the three varieties of apples included two common peaks for vertical ETI at band no. 11 (1,120–1,600 Hz) and 19 (17,920–25,600 Hz) and horizontal ETI at band no. 1 (0–10 Hz) and 15 (4,480–6,400 Hz). The spectra for the three types of potato chips had a common ETI peak at band no. 11 (1,120–1,600 Hz) for horizontal ETI and at no. 15 (4,480–6,400 Hz) for vertical ETI. The three apple varieties gave rise to different intensities of vertical and horizontal ETIs while the two peaks were maintained. The thick potato chip type had higher vertical and horizontal ETIs than the thin and soft varieties in most bands; however, the thin type had the highest vertical ETIs only in lower bands (0–200 Hz). The soft type had the lowest vertical and horizontal ETI. The above results suggest that different food textures can be distinguished by two‐dimensional vibration analyses of probe insertion into a food sample based on frequency bands. 相似文献