TiO2/CdSe/CuSCN extremely thin absorber (ETA) solar cells are found to give relatively high values of open‐circuit voltage (>0.8 V) but low currents upon annealing the cadmium selenide (CdSe) in air (500 ºC). Annealing in N2 produces much lower photovoltages and slightly lower photocurrents. Band structure measurements show differences between the two annealing regimes that, however, appear to favor the N2‐annealed CdSe. On the other hand, chemically resolved electrical measurements (CREM) of the cells reveal marked differences in photo‐induced charge trapping, in particular at absorber grain boundaries of the air versus N2‐annealed systems, correlated with the formation of Cd–O species at the CdSe surface. Using transient absorption and photovoltage decay, pronounced lifetime differences are also observed, in agreement with the strong suppression of charge recombination. The results point to a multiple role of grain surface‐oxidation, which both impedes electron injection from the CdSe to the TiO2, but, much more significantly, enhances hole injection to the CuSCN via passivation of hole traps that act as efficient recombination centers. 相似文献
Modern therapy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) began in 1973 with the first report of the successful combination of daunorubicin and cytarabine, which led to complete remission in approximately 45% of patients. Accurate AML diagnosis was dependent on morphology, aided initially only by cytochemistry. Unlike acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), immunophenotyping offered little in the diagnosis of AML, at least during the 1970s and 1980s. The advent of reliable cytogenetics changed the entire prognostic outlook of AML. With karyotypic analysis, different groups of AML could be classified and stratified for various therapies. Unique mutational profiling was a major advance in further categorizing AML patients, aided by the immunophenotypic identification of antigenic markers on the cells. All these advances were occurring as the understanding of the importance of the tumor burden—known as minimal residual disease (MRD)—became crucial for the management of AML patients. The efficacy of MRD has rapidly progressed in the past decade, from a specificity of 10−3 with immunophenotyping to 10−4 with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is only appropriate for some patients with AML, and finally to 10−5 or even 10−6 cells with the extraordinary sensitivity of next-generation sequencing (NGS). All of these advances have promoted the concept of personalized medicine, which has led to the advent of targeted agents that can accurately be used for specific diagnostic subtypes. Responses can be predicted and measured accurately. Such targeted agents have now become a cornerstone in the management of AML, increasing efficacy and dramatically reducing toxicity. The focus of this review is on one of the most well-studied targeted agents in AML: the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitors, which have impacted the prognostication and therapeutics of AML. This review selectively discusses the FLT3 inhibitors in detail, as a model for the other burgeoning targeted agents that have already been approved, as well as those that are currently in development. 相似文献
The two most widely used polymers in packaging in recent years are polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene (PE). The biggest fractions of these polymers are not re-utilized, in spite of the fact that they possess excellent properties even after their first application. The ban on using recycled polymers in food packaging applications and the lack of good value outlets for these materials causes them to end up in landfills. The high cost nylon, used in packaging primarily as high gas barrier laminates with PE, also finds its way to landfills. In this case, the reason is the difficulty of recycling different polymers that are incompatible. Thus, the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) stream transferred to landfills contains many plastic packages. These packages are being blamed as a major pollutant of the environment in spite of the fact that all plastics contribute only a small percentage to the weight of the garbage in landfills. If proper and cost effective applications for the recycled polymers could be developed, the waste related to their disposal could be limited. In addition, the contribution of plastic packages to the environmental problem could be diminished. In the present paper, the possibility of sandwiching a contaminated PET layer between two layers of the virgin material was studied. The aim of the study was to determine whether such an operation could lower the migration level of contaminants from a multilayer structure (containing a recycled layer of PET) to values below the limits required by regulatory agencies. The diffusion coefficients (required to determine migration) of four organic liquids in PET were determined. As a result of the sandwiching operation, the amount of pollutant (toluene) migrating into the food simulant was reduced by two orders of magnitude. The properties of PE/nylon blends were also studied. It was found that the high gas barrier properties of nylon are preserved in the blend when proper processing conditions are used. Therefore, the recycled material could be used as a centre layer in a multilayer structure providing good gas barrier properties to this structure. 相似文献
Abstract The current study describes an attempt to improve children's analogical thinking through the use of a 'humanized' computer program. This program was experimentally designed to incorporate several basic features of what has been defined theoretically and empirically as basic criteria of human mediation to children. The objective of the study was to examine the possibility of improving the educational benefits of using computers in early childhood education. More specifically, it was hypothesized that by introducing into a computer program basic features of human mediation, it would be possible to raise children's educational gains to the level of the gain achieved when they work with an adult mediator. Subjects were 120 Israeli-born kindergarten children between 4.5 and 6 years old. Despite no differences in test scores between the two experimental groups a higher frequency of 'stopping to think' (in contrast to trial and error responses) was found in the experimental group working with an adult as compared to the experimental group working independently. 相似文献
Three-layer coextruded blown (either blend or composite) films, made of low-density polyethylene and linear lowdensity polyethylene (1:1 ratio) of identical density, were compared. The tensile properties of both systems are nearly as high as those of the linear polyethylene while high strain rate properties including impact strength and tear resistance of the composite film are superior. Some structural insight was obtained by thermal analysis and thermoelastic measurements. Structure property relationships are discussed in light of the unique behavior, structure, and morphology of linear low-density polyethylene. The two polyethylenes are only compatible to a rather limited extent mainly affecting their blend behavior. However, a strong mutual reinforcement effect was observed. 相似文献
The selectivity of a sequence of isothermal irreversible heterogeneous reactions within a catalytic pellet is investigated under conditions where intraparticle forced convection is a non-negligible transport mechanism. The nature of the effect of the internal filter flow depends mostly on the value of the Thiele modulus, φ2, of the desired (middle) species. The asymptotic values of the selectivity, as φ2 → 0 and φ2 → ∞, are unaltered, independent of the strength of the internal flow. The intermediate region is divided into two parts. In the subregion with lower values of φ2 the selectivity is enhanced. In the other subregion, with higher values of φ2, the selectivity is significantly retarded to values which can be markedly below the lower asymptote. These trends are common to both poor and good selective catalysts. 相似文献
A study was made of the flow mechanisms of two immiscible liquids with a small density difference introduced at a horizontal-pipe inlet in initial concentric flow. Extent of the annular flow, its break-up mechanisms and the subsequent flow patterns encountered were investigated with the aid of high-speed photography. Annular-flow break-up was found to occur by one of two mechanisms: collapse of the core-liquid by varicose Rayleigh-type waves or rupture of the top-wall liquid-film, attenuated by the ascent of the lighter core-liquid. Flow patterns observed after break-up involve fine dispersions, slugs or stratified layers. Charts mapping flow-pattern zones show conditions under which annular-flow holds over a considerable extent. 相似文献
1s binding energies are calculated for nitrogen atoms in thymine, pyrrole, adenine, and pyridine and for carbon atoms in thymine, adenine, pyrrole, and furan, and compared with experimental values. Calculations are performed in the framework of a perturbational model using CNDO molecular wave functions. Interactions of the 1s electron with its own atom are calculated exactly whereas interactions with neighbor atoms are calculated according to two levels of approximation: (1) Point charge approximation. (2) Rigorous calculations of integrals. Magnitudes of the different interactions and integrals are analysed. The questions of assignments of ESCA shifts and the errors inherent in the calculations are discussed. 相似文献