交叉污染和过敏原:如果无法避免,那么管理它们!

正交叉污染(如表1所示)是食品工业应该慎重处理的一种相关危害——发生交叉污染时,微生物或其它污染物(物理或化学物质)会无意间从一种食品转移到另一种食品上。当污染通过两种食品产品之间的接触产生时,通常称之为直接交叉污染;间接交叉污染的产生则需要通过某种载体(空气或气体,液体或物体)来携带或运输污染物。     

Comprehensive benchmark study of commercial sheet metal forming simulation softwares used in the automotive industry

There are currently several commercial Finite Element Analysis (FEA) softwares available, and it is not clear for a company the differences between them, mostly in terms of results accuracy, reliability and usability. International conferences were created to promote a world-class forum in which, simulation engineers and automakers, can exchange their knowledge in the sheet metal forming field and evaluate stamping simulation softwares, through benchmarking exercises. However, a comparison of FEA tools based in such methodology is not truly reliable, since each participant can choose its own strategy to build the numerical model based on the experimental data delivered. In this study, the authors use a different approach to achieve a more reasonable and fair comparison between three different sheet metal forming FEA tools: AUTOFORM R5.2, PAM-STAMP 2G 2012.2 and DD3IMP. Although the existence of substantial differences in the Finite Element (FE) formulations and element types, the material laws and process parameters adopted were kept as close as possible, making the constitutive models essentially identical. This benchmark was carried out using the Numisheet 2008 Benchmark #2, which is well specified and for which there are a set of experimental results available. The numerical results and experimental results were compared in terms of: punch forces, draw-in, principal strains, formability, geometry after springback and computational cost. The usage of equivalent constitutive models shows that the accuracy of the FEA tools are roughly the same. This study also highlights the true meaning of the differences between the numerical results in the industrial competitiveness of a company.     

时间,空间,反思?

大同高速收费站的项目是一个在建筑设计中,如何面对一些特殊因素反思的过程。尽管这种功能的建筑在形式和技术设备上是一个特例,但可以肯定的是,这个项目仍然是我们探索时间、空间问题的途径。这类项目通常在结构上表现得很夸张。所以首先我们大脑中的疑问就是:这种夸张的尺度是否真的需要?就像我们经常看到的那些例子一样,是否要按照通常的方式和尺度设计。又或者我们需要探索更广泛更深入,更适合于完成这类项目的方法,使它独特而又不浮夸。这个问题带来了另一个衍生的问题,即质疑那些显而易见的官方文化。例     

Effect of chitosan-based solutions applied as edible coatings and water glazing on frozen salmon preservation – A pilot-scale study

The aim of this research was to compare the effect of chitosan solutions on frozen salmon preservation with that of water glazing. For this purpose, three chitosan solutions (0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% w/v) and water were applied in different amounts (6%, 8% and 11% of coated fillet weight) directly on the surface of frozen salmon. In order to accelerate the deterioration processes, salmon was stored during 14 weeks at −5 °C. Microbial and chemical indices were used to assess deterioration during storage and the coating stability was evaluated through weight loss measurements. The results obtained showed that chitosan coatings can be a good barrier to protect frozen fish from deterioration. Microbial growth, assessed by total viable counts (TVC), and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) were maintained below the maximum limits recommended which are 5 × 105 CFU/g and 35 mg nitrogen/100 g fish, respectively. The use of 0.50% and 0.75% chitosan solutions generally demonstrated to be more efficient in preventing salmon weight loss.     

Assessment of Table Olives’ Organoleptic Defect Intensities Based on the Potentiometric Fingerprint Recorded by an Electronic Tongue

Table olives are prone to the appearance of sensory defects that decrease their quality and in some cases result in olives unsuitable for consumption. The evaluation of the type and intensity of the sensory negative attributes of table olives is recommended by the International Olive Council, although not being legally required for commercialization. However, the accomplishment of this task requires the training and implementation of sensory panels according to strict directives, turning out in a time-consuming and expensive procedure that involves a degree of subjectivity. In this work, an electronic tongue is proposed as a taste sensor device for evaluating the intensity of sensory defects of table olives. The potentiometric signal profiles gathered allowed establishing multiple linear regression models, based on the most informative subsets of signals (from 24 to 29 recorded during the analysis of olive aqueous pastes and brine solutions) selected using a simulated annealing meta-heuristic algorithm. The models enabled the prediction of the median intensities (R ² ≥ 0.942 and RMSE ≤ 0.356, for leave-one-out or repeated K-fold cross-validation procedures) of butyric, musty, putrid, winey-vinegary, and zapateria negative sensations being, in general, the predicted intensities within the range of intensities perceived by the sensory panel. Indeed, based on the predicted mean intensities of the sensory defects, the electrochemical-chemometric approach developed could correctly classify 86.4% of the table olive samples according to their trade category based on a sensory panel evaluation and following the International Olive Council regulations (i.e., extra, 1st choice, 2nd choice, and olives that may not be sold as table olives). So, the satisfactory overall predictions achieved demonstrate that the electronic tongue could be a complementary tool for assessing table olive defects, reducing the effort of trained panelists and minimizing the risk of subjective evaluations.     

宗教信仰会影响食品安全体系的实施

正在食品安全体系实施过程中,特别是在人员卫生和健康状况要求方面,为使体系可以更好的实施,人们经常需要考虑一些因素,例如文化、宗教信仰和法律。世界卫生组织出版了一份读物《卫生保健中的手部卫生指南:全球患者最大的护理挑战是卫生护理》,其中专门为宗教和文化对手部卫生的影响开辟了一个章节。书中最令人感兴趣     

Bovine Milk Formula Based on Partial Hydrolysis of Caseins by Bromelain Enzyme: Better Digestibility and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-Inhibitory Properties

A new methodology was developed using bromelain as a proteolytic enzyme for the production of a partially hydrolyzed bovine milk formula, without changing the milk's organoleptic and nutritional properties. This study also revealed that the in vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition increased in the modified milk as compared with the control sample, showing the highest angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory activity for fractions with molecular weights between 3 and 10 kg mol^?1. The Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that the produced milk formula acted as a non-competitive inhibitor, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography.     

Environmental Flows Under the WFD Implementation

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is the first piece of European environmental legislation addressing hydromorphological modifications and impacts on water bodies. Accordingly, in those water bodies where the hydromorphological pressures are having an impact on the ecological status, action is needed to achieve WFD objectives. Environmental flows appeared as one of the answers to this challenge. Due to their importance, Member States (MSs) have been looking to integrate ecological flows in the River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs) and Programmes of Measures (PoMs). More than seventeen years after the WFD adoption, this study aims to provide a systematic review of the use of environmental flows within the process of WFD implementation and their contribution to the achievement of environmental objectives. In order to achieve the goals of the study, a special analysis was done using: i) the WFD official documentation reporting the progress of WFD and environmental flows definition and implementation (such as the CIS Guidance n° 31), as well as, ii) the answers to key questions addressed to EU MSs representatives involved in the implementation of environmental flows. These enabled us to perceive how this topic has been addressed in MSs. Based on the gathered information the authors assessed whether a change in the environmental flows’ situation, between the 1st and 2nd RBMPs, has occurred by each MS, or whether progress on environmental flows assessments has been made. Furthermore, this study also highlights some MSs representatives comments related with the role of the Guidance n°31 and some relevant information related with the 3rd RBMPs. Even though an evolution on environmental flows assessments can be perceived, with an increase in MSs defining and incorporating environmental flows within the 2nd RBMPs and in the complexity of the conducted approaches, there is still a long way to go. Namely, it could be highlighted that more efforts are required for the: i) implementation of environmental flows and the monitoring of its effects in the water bodies status, ii) development of a verifiable link between environmental flows and biological indicators.     

A Chemical Display: Generating Animations by Controlled Diffusion from Porous Voxels

The concept of utilizing precisely patterned and chemically loaded 3D porous containers akin to chemical voxels to enable dynamic visual patterns via spatial and temporal control of both local and global chemical release is described. Using numerical simulations and experiments, it is shown how variations in porosity, volume, shape, and relative positioning of the chemical voxels can be used to control the types of images that are formed with control in both space and time. Moving images are generated via controlled chemical release from an array of voxels to create an animation of a running man thereby illustrating proof‐of‐concept for a chemical display.