Heat transfer studies in a climbing film evaporator: Part I. Heat transfer from condensing steam to boiling water

Hard water was concentrated using steam heating in a single tube climbing film evaporator, of length 9 ft. and external diameter 1 inch. The heat flux Q/A in BTU/hr. sq. ft. was found to be related to the feed rate of the water M lb./hr. and its temperature T_i °F by the equation Q/A = ψ M^0.6 + 90.3 (T_b – T_i) C_p where ψ is a graphically read function of the temperature difference driving force between the condensing steam and the boiling water. The data fit the above equation with a standard deviation of 2.6%. The empirically derived equation for heat flux was also found to represent the data for other aqueous solutions with reasonable accuracy.     

The pairwise multiple comparison multiplicity problem: An alternative approach to familywise and comparison wise Type I error control.

When undertaking many tests of significance, researchers are faced with the problem of how best to control the probability of committing a Type I error. The familywise approach deals directly with multiplicity problems by setting a level of significance for an entire set of related hypotheses; the comparison approach ignores the issue by setting the rate of error on each individual hypothesis. A new formulation of control, the false discovery rate, does not provide control as stringent as that of the familywise rate, but concomitant with this relaxation in stringency is an increase in sensitivity to detect effects relative to the sensitivity of familywise control. Type I error and power rates for 4 relatively powerful and easily computed pairwise multiple comparison procedures were compared with the false discovery rate procedure for various 1-way layouts by use of test statistics that do not assume variance homogeneity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Internationalization of an Undergraduate Program Using Reciprocal Distance Education*

The design and construction industries in the United States have become increasingly global and multidisciplinary over the last two decades. This emphasis will continue to expand even more rapidly in the near future. Undergraduate classes must be designed to reflect this tendency and introduce students to the tools and cultural diversity needed to compete in this environment in the future. This paper presents a model containing three distinct components for adding an international dimension to Architectural and Construction Science programs at Texas A&M University. The three components require varying degrees of commitment to an international dimension. The components are: 1) Insertion of an International Dimension at the Syllabus Level, 2) Integration of an International Dimension at the Curricular Level, and 3) Immersion in a Foreign Instructional Environment. The insertion and integrated components rely on the Internet and videoconferencing technology. These two components have come to be known as the “Reciprocal Distance Education Model.” The third component of the model is a blend of traditional study abroad programs with international internships and reciprocal student exchange programs.     

The nonconscious cessation of goal pursuit: When goals and negative affect are coactivated.

Extending on the recent investigation into the implicit affective processes underlying motivation and decision making, 5 studies examined the role of negative affect in moderating goal priming effects. Specifically, experimental effects on measures that typify motivational qualities of goal systems, such as keeping a goal at a heightened level of mental accessibility and exerting effort to work for a goal and experiencing desire to attain the goal, showed that the motivation and resultant operation of social goals cease when these goals are primed in temporal proximity of negatively valenced information. These goal cessation effects resulting from the mere coactivation of a goal and negative affect are discussed against the background of present research on nonconscious goal pursuit and the role of accessibility and desirability in the regulation of automatic goal-directed behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Accurate Estimation of Low $( ≪ hbox{10}^{-8} Omega cdot hbox{cm}^{2})$ Values of Specific Contact Resistivity

Advancements in nanotechnology have created the need for efficient means of communication of electrical signals to nanostructures, which can be addressed using low resistance contacts. In order to study and estimate the resistance of such contacts or the resistance posed by the interface(s) in such contacts, accurate test structures and evaluation techniques need to be used. The resistance posed by an interface is quantified using its specific contact resistivity (SCR), and although multiple techniques have been utilized, inaccuracies of such techniques in measuring values of SCR lesser than ( < 10^-8 Omega ldr cm² ) have been reported. In this letter, an approach for estimating very low values of SCR (lower than the previously limiting ( < 10^-8 Omega ldr cm² )) using a cross Kelvin resistor test structure is demonstrated using aluminum to titanium silicide ohmic contacts, with a minimum estimated SCR value of 6.0 times 10^-10 Omega ldr cm².     

Parameter identification with the software package LORD

This paper describes some basic concepts of the software package LORD, which was developed during the PASLINK projects. LORD allows the modelling and identification of thermal systems, in particular building components. A certain degree of experience is necessary for the correct application of the software. Although the technique used is the well-known lumped parameter modelling, which describes the thermal system as an electrical analogue RC network, several improvements are possible. One of them is the stochastic treatment of the data. Such developments of the package have produced improved results and expanded its range of application.     

Pot bearings behavior after 32 years of service: In situ and laboratory tests

In order to extend the Swiss railway grid in the 1960s and 70s, many railway bridges were constructed for which pot bearings were taken for the supports. It is essential that the long-term behavior of these pot bearings is examined, as their life expectancy is, in most cases, much more limited than that of the associated superstructure. In this study, the operational condition of the pot bearings from a prestressed concrete girder bridge was investigated through in situ measurements and by evaluating the accumulated sliding path due to traffic loads and temperature impacts. It was found that long-term effects in relation to the traffic loads affect minimally the fatigue behavior of the bearings. Within extensive laboratory test series, the influence of parameters such as the lubrication condition, rotation angle, pressure acting on the elastomer pad and temperature on the restoring moments of the pot bearings was studied. Results of this study indicate not only that the condition of the pot bearings has deteriorated, but also that they were still in reasonable working condition after 32 years of service.     

Successful Patterns of Internal SME Characteristics Leading to High Overall Innovation Performance

Small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) struggle with the paradox of developing new products and technologies on the one hand and minimizing costs on the other. These SMEs must be innovative to survive and grow. However, compared to large firms, SMEs have several problems in their innovation process, which negatively influence their overall innovation performance. This research explores successful patterns of internal SME characteristics that lead to high overall innovation performance. Cluster analyses were conducted to find patterns in the internal characteristics of SMEs with high overall innovation performance. We find that companies that focus on incremental innovation and that achieve high overall innovation performance indeed share a pattern in their internal organization, when controlling for innovation type. The paper adds to the current body of knowledge by comparing high‐ and low‐performing companies based on competence differences. Because real‐life organizations consist of multiple organizational characteristics, we also contribute to management practice by simultaneously addressing multiple organizational characteristics for the successful organization of innovation.