A reply to Kaplan and Parlow: Minority rights and public health are not mutually exclusive.

It is unfortunate that Kaplan and Parlow (1988) misinterpreted our plea for justice and compassion in balancing the rights of smokers and non-smokers (1987; see record 1989-01264-001) as a blanket endorsement of smokers' rights to expose abstainers to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). We absolutely do not advocate such a straw man; obviously, innocent third parties have the right to be protected. Kaplan and Parlow's assertion that our position is that "smoking is not a legitimate threat" is totally incorrect. In pointing to the controversy in the scientific literature about the degree of risk associated with ETS, we were not arguing that the risk is non-existent, nor that smokers are entitled to do as they please if others are adversely affected (or even if abstainers simply find ETS esthetically objectionable). Rather, we were emphasizing that the warlike rhetoric, emotionalism, and morally superior stance of the anti-smoking crusade can have a negative impact on the scientific objectivity that ought to guide social policy. The commendability of one's goals is not an excuse for ignoring contrary evidence or failing to examine the evidence for preferred hypotheses as critically as one would the support for unpopular causes. Our concern in our article, which Kaplan and Parlow failed to realize, was with how the rights of both smokers and non-smokers can best be achieved with a minimum of social and personal costs. The intent of our article was to remind readers that, in the past, emotionality and haste on the part of well-intentioned reformers have often been responsible for unnecessary social disruption and trammelling of individual rights--all while failing to achieve their noble goals. We agree with Kaplan and Parlow's position that individuals must be protected from exposure to unwanted ETS and that is the position we took in our article. This, however, can be done without creating greater social problems by trampling on the rights of smokers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effectiveness of abstinence-based incentives: Interaction with intake stimulant test results.

Intake urinalysis test result (drug positive vs. negative) has been previously identified as a strong predictor of drug abuse treatment outcome, but there is little information about how this prognostic factor may interact with the type of treatment delivered. The authors used data from a multisite study of abstinence incentives for stimulant abusers enrolled in outpatient counseling treatment (N. M. Petry, J. M. Peirce, et al., 2005) to examine this question. The first study urine was used to stratify participants into stimulant negative (n = 306) versus positive (n = 108) subgroups. Abstinence incentives significantly improved retention in those testing negative but not in those testing positive. Findings suggest that stimulant abusers presenting to treatment with a stimulant-negative urine benefit from abstinence incentives, but alternative treatment approaches are needed for those who test stimulant positive at intake. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Infants interpret ambiguous requests for absent objects.

The current studies investigated 2 skills involved in 14- to 20- month-olds' ability to interpret ambiguous requests for absent objects: tracking others' experiences (Study 1) and representing links between speakers and object features across present and absent reference episodes (Study 2). In the basic task, 2 experimenters played separately with a different ball. The balls were placed in opaque containers. One experimenter asked infants to retrieve her ball using an ambiguous request ("Where's the ball?"). In Study 1, infants used the experimenter's prior verbal and physical contact with the ball to interpret the request. A control condition demonstrated that infants were interpreting the request and not responding to the mere presence of the experimenter. Study 2 revealed that only infants who were given stable cues to the ball's spatial location appropriately interpreted the request: When spatial information was put in conflict with a color cue, infants did not select the correct ball. Links to infants' spatial memory skills and emerging pragmatic understanding are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relations between parental control and warmth and child well-being in stepfamilies.

Examined type-of-stepfamily differences in child well-being and parenting behaviors and how child well-being in stepfamilies relates to parenting behaviors. Data were drawn from the National Survey of Families and Households (J. A. Sweet et al, 1988) and included fathers and mothers in 448 stepfather, 76 stepmother, and 41 complex stepfamilies. Biological parents in stepfamilies perceived themselves as having higher quality relationships with their children than stepparents reported having with their stepchildren. Although stepfathers reported behaving less positively toward their children than did other fathers, stepmothers reported responding as positively to their stepchildren as did biological mothers in stepfamilies. In general, child well-being was positively related to perceptions of parental warmth. The relations between parental control and child well-being varied for different dimensions of well-being and in different types of stepfamilies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The use of religious coping during stressful life events: Main effects, moderation, and mediation.

The effects of religious coping, the potential moderation of such effects by religious affiliation (i.e., Catholic, Protestant), and the potential mediation of such effects by various factors (i.e., cognitive restructuring, social support, perceived control) were investigated in patients and significant others coping with the stress of kidney transplant surgery. At 3 and 12 months after transplantation, results showed that the use of religious coping was generally associated with better adjustment both concurrently and over time in both patients and significant others. These effects were moderated by religious affiliation, such that religious coping was more effective in promoting adjustment for Protestants than for Catholics. Religious coping was related to adjustment beyond the effects of the proposed mediators. Implications of these results for future research and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

P50 suppression in recent-onset schizophrenia: Clinical correlates and risperidone effects.

Chronic schizophrenic patients often do not suppress the auditory P50 component of the event-related potential to the second of 2 clicks, presented 500 ms apart, suggesting a loss of normal inhibition. This study attempted to replicate the P50 suppression deficit in patients with recent-onset schizophrenia and to examine whether P50 is related to clinical symptoms or is affected by an atypical antipsychotic medication. Data from 22 recent-onset schizophrenia patients and 11 normal controls revealed that disruption in P50 suppression is present during the early stages of illness. In addition, impaired P50 suppression covaried with clinical ratings of anxiety, depression, and anergia; results also suggested that the P50 inhibitory deficit may be related to the degree of patients' attentional impairment. Finally, risperidone, compared with a typical antipsychotic medication, improved inhibition of P50 to the second click. These results support P50 suppression as a measure of disordered neurocognition in schizophrenia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychological distortions of the research process: A summary of psychotherapeutic explorations.

Presents the results of a psychotherapeutic research project concerning psychological blocks to research and creativity. Clients were 10 established researchers and postgraduate students who were offered psychoanalytically based focal-insight therapy. Some of the crucial personal-dynamic problems that hindered the normal development of the knowledge constructing aims of the researcher were anxiety-identity, separation, fear of criticism, competition and envy, research as a means of aggressive outlet, and intellectualization as a mechanism of defense. Illustrative case material is presented. The constructive role of anxiety in research is discussed together with the necessity of viewing research not only as an intellectual but also as an emotional activity. Findings reveal the impact of life situation on research and show a relationship between insight in therapy and the research process. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reference frame and effects of orientation on finding the tops of rotated objects.

Investigated effects of stimulus orientation across trial blocks and the spatial reference frame with a task in which Ss, with their heads upright or tilted, judged a dot to be near the top or the bottom of rotated line drawings of objects. Objects used in this task were also named. Response times from the 1st block of trials increased linearly for objects rotated from 0 to 120° from the upright. Across blocks, orientation effects diminished for naming but remained the same for top–bottom discriminations. Practice with top–bottom discriminations diminished orientation effects when the same objects were subsequently named. The spatial reference frame for top–bottom discrimination was midway between retinal and environmental coordinates. Specifying the location of object features is of greater importance for top–bottom discriminations than for naming and underlies orientation effects in these tasks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The intensity dimension of thought: Pupillometric indices of sentence processing.

Explored the intensity of processing during sentence comprehension by measuring pupillary response during reading. Two experiments with 76 college students contrasted the processing of simpler vs more complex sentences. The 2 more complex sentence types, object-relative center-embedded sentences and filler-gap sentences, not only took longer to process than their simpler counterparts, but they also produced a larger change in pupil diameter. It is proposed that the pupillary response is an indicator of how intensely the processing system is operating. Results are integrated within a resource-limited computational model of comprehension. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)