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941.
In recent years, multiphase steels have become a material of choice for use in the car manufacturing industry owing to their excellent mechanical properties. It is anticipated that in the years to come these steels will show the highest increase in usage. A particular aspect of their potential is that multiphase steels often show good bake hardening (BH) properties. The main factors that govern the microstructures and the properties of these steels are the chemical composition and the production process parameters. In this work two commercial cold rolled sheet steels with different carbon content were investigated. In order to produce dual phase (DP) steels with a ferrite‐martensite microstructure, the as‐received material was subjected to heat treatment simulating continuous galvanising line (CGL) cycles with an overageing zone before the zinc pot. After a first CGL cycle predominantly ferritic microstructures with small amounts of martensite, pearlite and retained austenite were obtained, which resulted in deviations from typical DP properties, e.g. in the occurrence of discontinuous yielding. A higher line speed led to improved mechanical properties. BH prestrain was varied between 0 and 10%. While only very little bake hardening was observed without prestrain, with increasing prestrain the amount of BH was evolving quickly towards larger values of more than 60 MPa. Generally, the BH values were somewhat larger for higher carbon content. Finally, an optimised CGL cycle was simulated at laboratory scale with changes in the process parameters. Thus, characteristic DP microstructures resulting in desired mechanical properties were obtained. For these optimised conditions, BH2 values in excess of 60 MPa were achieved for both steels investigated. 相似文献
942.
经历了几年的波折之后,微软终于向公众发布了Windows的下一代操作系统,Longhorn的beta 1版Vista。Longhorn公开发布的日程表从4月份微软提供给面向开发人员的Windows Hardware Enalneering Confercence (WinHEC) 2005会议的与会者pre-beta版Longhorn开始。WinHEC Longhorn Developers Preview,正如大家所知道的这个版本,反映出微软在过去一年中行进的方向,他们放弃了已经完成的基于组件的Longhorn源代码,转而采用Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1(SP1)代码库来重新开发这个项目。从那时起,微软就开始回到他们已经开发多时的Longhorn关键特性上来,其中的一些特性最终在Beta 1版本中展现在了公众面前。下面就是关于Longhorn Beta 1我们要了解的内容。 相似文献
943.
User-perceived quality of service in wireless data networks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anthony J. Saliba Michael A. Beresford Milosh Ivanovich Paul Fitzpatrick 《Personal and Ubiquitous Computing》2005,9(6):413-422
For so long, the term quality of service (QoS) has been a pursuit area for network engineers trying to dimension wireless
networks to run in the most efficient way possible. Of late, there has been a trend reversal, looking at the user perceptions
of the network performance to decide where dimensioning can have the greatest impact. This paper demonstrates the importance
of defining the concept of user-perceived QoS and linking this to specific wireless data network parameters for some anticipated
valuable applications. It has been shown that a quantitative rating can be obtained for a variety of important factors in
the assessment of service quality, and mapped to specific values of multiple network parameters. We found QoS to be application-specific,
where various applications require different levels of network performance to satisfy users. The role of physical location
was also examined, investigating the influence of being indoors versus outdoors on the user perception of QoS. 相似文献
944.
Dimitrios Koukopoulos Marios Mavronicolas Sotiris Nikoletseas Paul Spirakis 《Theory of Computing Systems》2005,38(4):425-460
A packet-switching network is stable if the number of packets in the network remains bounded at all times. A very natural question that arises in the context of stability properties of such networks is how network structure precisely affects these properties. In this work we embark on a systematic study of this question in the context of Adversarial Queueing Theory, which assumes that packets are adversarially injected into the network. We consider size, diameter, maximum vertex degree, minimum number of disjoint paths that cover all edges of the network and network subgraphs as crucial structural parameters of the network, and we present a comprehensive collection of structural results, in the form of stability and instability bounds on injection rate of the adversary for various greedy protocols: —Increasing the size of a network may result in dropping its instability bound. This is shown through a novel, yet simple and natural, combinatorial construction of a size-parameterized network on which certain compositions of greedy protocols are running. The convergence of the drop to 0.5 is found to be fast with and proportional to the increase in size. —Maintaining the size of a network small may already suffice to drop its instability bound to a substantially low value. This is shown through a construction of a FIFO network with size 22, which becomes unstable at rate 0.704. This represents the current state-of-the-art trade-off between network size and instability bound. —The diameter, maximum vertex degree and minimum number of edge-disjoint paths that cover a network may be used as control parameters for the stability bound of the network. This is shown through an improved analysis of the stability bound of any arbitrary FIFO network, which takes these parameters into account. —How much can network subgraphs that are forbidden for stability affect the instability bound? Through improved combinatorial constructions of networks and executions, we improve the state-of-the-art instability bound induced by certain known forbidden subgraphs on networks running a certain greedy protocol. —Our results shed more light and contribute significantly to a finer understanding of the impact of structural parameters on stability and instability properties of networks. 相似文献
945.
Paul Houston Schötzau Dominik Wihler Thomas P. 《Journal of scientific computing》2005,22(1-3):347-370
In this paper, we develop the a posteriori error estimation of mixed discontinuous Galerkin finite element approximations of the Stokes problem. In particular, we derive computable upper bounds on the error, measured in terms of a natural (mesh-dependent) energy norm. This is done by rewriting the underlying method in a non-consistent form using appropriate lifting operators, and by employing a decomposition result for the discontinuous spaces. A series of numerical experiments highlighting the performance of the proposed a posteriori error estimator on adaptively refined meshes are presented.Paul Houston - Funded by the EPSRC (Grant GR/R76615).
Thomas P. Wihler - Funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant PBEZ2-102321).
This revised version was published online in July 2005 with corrected volume and issue numbers. 相似文献
946.
Satellite study of oceanic eddy formation, propagation, interactions, and fate was first conducted by sea surface temperature derived at infrared wavelengths. For visible wavelength ocean color reflectances, it is shown that recent radiative transfer model inversions provide additional characteristics of eddies: their constituent absorption and backscattering inherent optical properties. The chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption coefficient has the highest contrast and is therefore the most visually evident inherent optical property (while the phytoplankton absorption coefficient and backscattering coefficients are respectively less discernible). For use as an analytical tool, comparisons suggests that the chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption coefficient has a ∼10× higher contrast (i.e., ∼5% vs. 50%) in the Middle Atlantic Bight making eddy events detectable over longer time periods than with SST imagery. Example imagery illustrates the application of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and phytoplankton absorption coefficient inherent optical properties to the visual injection of dissolved and particulate organic carbon into the deep ocean by a Gulf Stream ring. 相似文献
947.
Character of Organic Matter in Soil-Aquifer Treatment Systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J?rg E. Drewes David M. Quanrud Gary L. Amy Paul K. Westerhoff 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2006,132(11):1447-1458
The objective of this study was to investigate the character and fate of bulk organics in reclaimed water used for groundwater recharge via soil-aquifer treatment (SAT). The study design followed a watershed guided approach considering hydraulically corresponding samples of drinking water sources, SAT-applied wastewater effluents, and subsequent post-SAT samples representing a series of different travel times in the subsurface. Water samples were fractionated into hydrophobic acids, transphilic acids, and hydrophilic carbon using a XAD resin-based protocol. Extensive characterization of organic carbon in the different samples was performed using state-of-the-art analytical techniques including excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C-NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and elemental analysis. During SAT, transphilic and hydrophilic organic matter were preferentially removed. The results generally demonstrated that naturally derived (NOM) and effluent-derived organic matter after SAT overlap extensively in molecular weight distribution, amount and distribution of hydrophobic and hydrophilic carbon fractions, and chemical characteristics based on elemental analysis and 13C-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. However, the residual portion of the dissolved organic carbon contained both effluent-derived organic matter and NOM. 相似文献
948.
Cole David A.; Nolen-Hoeksema Susan; Girgus Joan; Paul Gilda 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2006,115(1):40
In 2 longitudinal studies of negative life events and depressive symptoms in adolescents (N = 708) and in children (N = 508), latent trait-state-error structural equation models tested both the stress generation hypothesis and the stress exposure hypothesis. Results strongly suggested that self-reports of depressive symptoms reflect the influence of a perfectly stable trait factor as well as a less stable state factor. Support emerged for both the stress generation model and the stress exposure model. When the state depression factor was modeled as predicting stress, support for the stress generation model appeared to increase with age. When the trait depression factor was modeled as the predictor of stress, support for the stress generation model did not vary with the child's age. In both models, support for the stress exposure remained relatively constant across age. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
949.
Larsson Henrik; Andershed Henrik; Lichtenstein Paul 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2006,115(2):221
The psychopathic personality can be conceptualized as three interrelated dimensions, (a) an interpersonal style of glibness, grandiosity, and manipulation; (b) an affective disposition of callousness, lack of empathy, and unemotionality; and (c) a behavioral/lifestyle dimension of impulsivity, need for stimulation, and irresponsibility, underpinning a higher order construct, psychopathic personality. The authors used a self-report questionnaire (The Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory) to study the importance of genetic and environmental influences on psychopathic personality traits in a sample of 1,090 monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, aged 16-17 years. Results showed a strong genetic influence behind the higher order "psychopathic personality" factor, underpinned by the three psychopathic personality dimensions. Over and above the effects to the higher order factor, significant unique genetic influences were also found in the callous/unemotional and in the impulsive/irresponsible dimension, but not in the grandiose/manipulative dimension. The authors propose that this latent psychopathic personality factor is a meaningful target for future etiological research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
950.
Raes Filip; Hermans Dirk; Williams J. Mark G.; Beyers Wim; Eelen Paul; Brunfaut Els 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2006,115(4):699
Reduced autobiographical memory (AM) specificity is a known vulnerability factor for depression. AM specificity was investigated as a predictor of depression with the Autobiographical Memory Test (J. M. G. Williams & K. Broadbent, 1986). When baseline depression scores were partialed, reduced AM specificity to negative cue words predicted higher levels of depression at 7-month follow-up. Once rumination was taken into account by means of the Rumination on Sadness Scale (M. Conway, P. A. R. Csank, S. L. Holm, & C. K. Blake, 2000), AM specificity no longer predicted depression, suggesting that the predictive value of AM specificity observed in previous studies might be--at least partly--explained as an effect of rumination. Further mediation analyses indeed revealed support for rumination as a mediator of the relation between reduced AM specificity and poor outcome of depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献