Brewers' spent grain and thin stillage as raw materials in l‐(+)‐lactic acid fermentation

Brewer's spent grain (BSG) hydrolysates were used for l ‐(+)‐lactic acid (LA) fermentation by Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469. In this study the effect of the addition of various amounts of thin stillage (TS) in BSG hydrolysate on LA fermentation parameters were evaluated. TS addition significantly increased utilization of glucose by up to 43.0%. In batch fermentation the highest LA concentration and volumetric productivity of 31.0 g/L, and 0.93 g/L/h, respectively, were obtained with the addition of 50% TS. L. rhamnosus cell viability also increased with the addition of 50% TS (by 2.4%). TS addition significantly increased free amino nitrogen concentration (by up to 209%) which is important for bacterial growth. A strong positive correlation between free amino nitrogen and LA concentration was noted. Compared with the results obtained in the batch fermentation (50% TS), significantly higher LA concentration, yield and volumetric productivity (54.8, 1.9 and 4.0%, respectively) were achieved in fed‐batch fermentation with glucose and TS addition. The results suggest that the combination of the by‐products of brewing and bioethanol industries could be suitable for LA production. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Changes in the composition of hop secondary metabolites induced by high hydrostatic pressure

Hops contain large amounts of secondary metabolites, many of which have notable bioactive and sensory characteristics. Many of these properties are affected by the processing of raw hops into products. We studied the influence of high‐pressure processing (HPP) on the content and composition of secondary metabolites in hop homogenates prepared from fresh green cones of several Czech hop varieties. Homogenates contained more hop oils (27% on average) compared to dried hops. The composition of essential oils in homogenates after HPP showed a decrease in fatty acid methyl and thioesters fractions (80 and 100% respectively). Conversely, the number of other bioactive compounds from the group of resins and prenylflavonoids that remained in HPP homogenates was retained to a greater extent than in the dried hops. Low temperatures and an oxygen‐free atmosphere were effective conditions for the preservation of raw hops and hop products. Copyright © 2018 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Geometrical model to calculate the consumption of sewing thread for 504 over-edge stitch

Sewing thread is one of the most important components of a sewn product that contributes significantly in the useful life of a product. Stitch class 504 is the one which is used in all types of sewn products. Its thread consumption is higher than class 300 and class 400. A mathematical model to predict the sewing thread consumption of stitch class 504 has been proposed in this paper. The model is based on the geometry of the stitch. The proposed model takes into account material thickness and stitch density. The model was validated by using 24 samples (with different material thickness and stitch densities). The accuracy of the model was found to be 99%. Sensitivity analysis revealed that stitch density has 62% effect and material thickness has 38% effect on thread consumption. The proposed model can predict the thread consumption accurately; therefore, it can be used for better estimation of required thread and encourage its better utilization in sewn product industry.     

Formation of an intermediate C-S-H phase during the hydrothermal synthesis of gyrolite

An intermediate C-S-H phase, similar to the Assarsson's “Phase Z”, with basal spacing of 16Å formed when β-C₂S or γ-C₂S reacted with silicon dioxide (molar ratio CaO/SiO₂ = 0.5–0.28) for 8 hours at 190°C under hydrothermal conditions. This intermediate C-S-H phase transformed to gyrolite upon prolonged hydrothermal treatment.     

Solvent induced crystallization of syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) relation to the formation of polymer aggregates in solution

Polymer Bulletin - Solutions of syndiotactic (s) poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and samples of solid s-PMMA prepared from these solutions were studied by NMR and infrared (IR) spectroscopy and...     

Applying simple theory of types to data bases

Whereas the logical apparatus used for formulation and solution of problems connected with the data base systems is mostly a 1st order logic, here a modified version (“T-system”) of Church's simple theory of types is used. It is shown that the T-system

1. (a) is a more adequate tool for analyzing natural language, which may be important when one builds up an abstract model of a fragment of reality and when one creates a suitable philosophy of data base systems;

2. (b) has greater expressive power than the 1st order systems, which enables, e.g. to distinguish between queries according to what is the structure of the required answer, and moreover, not to be restricted by the well-known limitations of the 1st order logics;

3. (c) is based on the notion of function as on the most fundamental notion, which makes it possible to deal more directly with functional dependencies and to exploit more universally the key importance of the attribute concept;

4. (d) by using the concept of construction offers a good tool for E-C mapping and for forming query languages that are more universal than the current ones.

The analysis of these properties of the T-system is accompanied by examples from the area of the data base systems theories; especially, a comparison with Codd's domain relational calculus and with Chen's and Pirotte's approaches is made. No problem of implementation is touched in this paper.     

Improved bounds for displacements at shakedown

A method is proposed for obtaining an upper bound for the displacement which can occur in a structure adapted to a given variable-repeated load. First, the exact formulation of the problem is presented which leads to a problem of optimal control. Then the differential constraints are neglected or replaced by algebraic conditions. The solution of the resulting linear programming problem supplies an upper bound to the exact elastic-plastic deflection. Further approximation can be introduced, if desired, which allows the decomposition of the problem into separate bounds to elastic and plastic parts of displacement.Numerical examples include a two-span continuous beam and a two-storey frame. The first was solved analytically, the second by means of a specially developed computer routine capable of evaluating the displacements at shakedown of arbitrary planar frames or trusses. The results obtained confirm the validity of the small displacement approach.     

Carcass traits and meat quality of male lambs fed monensin or lasalocid

Male lambs, crossbred Merino × Ille de France, were fed a diet supplemented with 31 mg monensin or 32 mg lasalocid per kg of feed dry matter from an initial body weight of 23·6–23·9 kg to the slaughter weight of approximately 40 kg.

Carcass traits and meat quality were evaluated after slaughter; the values obtained were compared with those of the control group fed the same diet without the ionophore supplement.

There were few significant differences among the individual groups in carcass value, sensoric and technological properties of meat and of its composition. However, the lasalocid-fed group seemed to be somewhat better in muscling and in the composition of meat.     

Improved sauerkraut production with probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum L4 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides LMG 7954

Probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum L4 and strain Leuconostoc mesenteroides LMG 7954 were applied for the controlled fermentation of cabbage heads. The parameters of the controlled and spontaneous fermentations, including antimicrobial effect of cabbage brines obtained at the end of both fermentations, were monitored. To check out the influence of starter culture strains, 10 randomly chosen lactic acid bacteria, isolated at the end of controlled cabbage heads fermentation were identified by API 50 CHL test, and the presence of the probiotic culture was confirmed by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis. The starter cultures applied for cabbage heads fermentation allowed lowering of NaCl concentrations from 4.0% to 2.5% (w/v), considerably accelerated fermentation process by 14 d, and improved the product quality. The produced sauerkraut heads are considered probiotic product as viable probiotic cells count in final product was higher than 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU) per gram of product. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The results of this research could be applied in the production of fermented cabbage heads with added functional (probiotic) value and with lower NaCl concentration with expected shortened fermentation time. This could not only be of economic but also of ecological importance.