芬兰当代木构建筑的新生

本文分为前后两大部分，前一部分介绍了木建筑在芬兰的发展历史和它的几种主要代表建筑类型，后一部分则以现代化木镇和现代化东教堂为例，具体阐述了木建筑在今天的芬兰建筑文化中的重要地位。     

芬兰现代住宅设计

芬兰虽然地广人稀，但从其建筑设计门类上而言却是世界上最领先的国家之一。虽然建筑规模上不及中国，但对于很多问题的探索，芬兰却走在前沿。海林事务所作为芬兰最大的住宅方面专业事务所之一，其最近几年所做的普通住宅，别墅及一些城市中心公寓等各种住宅类型案例，当中进行的诸多尝试，应该代表着芬兰现代住宅设计的典型，并能给中国同行提供一些借鉴。     

Determination of wine amines by HPLC using automated precolumn derivatisation with o-phthalaldehyde and fluorescence detection

Summary A method was developed for the determination of the most important wine amines, histamine, tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, isoamylamine und-phenethylamine in wine. Amine derivatives were formed automatically by drawing 1 l of wine, 1 l ofo-phthalaldehyde reagent and 5 l of pH 10.4 buffer solution into an injection needle. The reactants were mixed by drawing the liquid back and forth in the needle for 2 min. The derivatives were determined by liquid chromatography using the reversed-phase technique and fluorescence detection. The detection limit for amines ranged from 0.006 to 0.05 mg/L and the determination limit for amines in wine ranged from 0.5 to 1 mg/L, depending on the amine. The total time required by the analysis is 30 min.

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Automatisierung der Bestimmung von Weinaminen mit Hilfe der in der Injektionsspritze erfolgenden OPA-Derivatbildung und Fluorescenz-Flüssigchromatographie

Zusammenfassung In der Untersuchung wurde eine Methode für die wichtigsten im Wein vorkommenden Amine entwickelt: Histamin, Tyramin, Putrescin, Cadaverin, Isoamylamin und-Phenethylamin. Von den zu bestimmenden Aminen wurden durch Aufnahme von 1 l Wein, 1 l OPA-Reagens und 5 l Pufferlösung, pH 10,4, in der gleichen Injektionsspritze deren Derivate gebildet. Die Reaktionspartner wurden durch 2 min Hin- und Herziehen in der Spritze miteinander vermischt. Die Bestimmung der Derivate erfolgte flüssigchromatographisch unter Anwendung von Umkehrphasentechnik und Fluorescenznachweis. Die Nachweisgrenze der Aminen variierte je nach Amin zwischen 0,006 und 0,05 mg/L und die entsprechende Bestimmungsgrenze im Wein zwischen 0,5 und 1 mg/L. Die für die Analyse benötigte Gesamtzeit beträgt 30 min.

     

Predicting effects of exploitation rate on weight-at-age, population dynamics, and bioaccumulation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in herring (Clupea harengus L.) in the Northern Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea ecosystem and fish stocks contain high concentrations of environmental chemicals such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This study forecasts how changes in fishing or natural mortality would probably influence concentrations of PCDD/F and PCB in the Bothnian Sea (Northern Baltic) herring (Clupea harengus L.). An age-structured simulation model was developed to forecast herring stock dynamics, catches, and weight-at-age under different assumptions about exploitation and natural mortality. The simulated herring weight-at-age estimates were employed in a bioenergetics model capable of simultaneous estimation of bioaccumulation of 17 PCDD/F and 37 PCB congeners. Although the natural variability in recruitment greatly influences the stock dynamics, considerable changes in weight-at-age would ensue changes in exploitation rate or in natural mortality rate. If exploitation rates increase, growth rates would be higher and herring in the weight categories of commercial fisheries would be younger and contain less PCDD/F and PCB. Hence, the average toxicant concentrations in catches would also decline. However, it is likely that only fairly small changes would occur in toxicant concentrations-at-age. On the other hand, a drastic decrease in herring fishing would substantially increase PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in herring. The study indicated that, in spite of the clear influences of fishing on the toxicant concentrations, fishing alone cannot resolve the problems associated with a high concentration of toxicants in herring; further decreases in loading are still required.     

A Biorefinery Concept for Energy Intensive Industries Focusing on Microalgae and Anaerobic Digestion

The biorefinery concept will be important to the energy industry as it allows a multi-process, multi-product biomass based industry. Continued increases in the prices of fossil fuels, the uncertainty of their availability and the environmental impacts of their extraction are favouring the implementation of sustainable energy production. This article provides a literature review of algal biomass utilisation, process utilisation, technological and economic factors when applying the biorefinery concept to energy intensive industries （whether retro-fitting or new buildings）. This report focuses on opportunities in Finland for innovation, process integration and the development of supply chains whilst using flue gases as a feedstock for the microalgae. Currently, most research is on thermal combustion technologies. Microalgae provide an excellent opportunity to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by mitigation in such industries as pulp and paper. However, a beneficial driver would be feed-in tariffs or green trade certificates but are not necessary for the potential success within the industry. Reducing the overall economic costs with process integration and efficient technologies is beneficial for commercialisation of microalgae biorefineries. Microalgae biorefinery with a high efficiency could help improve the cost effectiveness of microalgae derived biofuels. The remaining algae after harvesting could be used for biogas production, which could be upgraded for vehicle fuel or the production of heat and power. An economically viable microalgae biorefinery with appropriate technologies and integrated for optimum efficiency is therefore possible.