2D Zinc Oxide – Synthesis,Methodologies, Reaction Mechanism,and Applications

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a thermally stable n-type semiconducting material. ZnO 2D nanosheets have mainly gained substantial attention due to their unique properties, such as direct bandgap and strong excitonic binding energy at room temperature. These are widely utilized in piezotronics, energy storage, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, solar cells, gas sensors, and photocatalysis. Notably, the chemical properties and performances of ZnO nanosheets largely depend on the nano-structuring that can be regulated and controlled through modulating synthetic strategies. Two synthetic approaches, top–down and bottom–up, are mainly employed for preparing ZnO 2D nanomaterials. However, owing to better results in producing defect-free nanostructures, homogenous chemical composition, etc., the bottom–up approach is extensively used compared to the top–down method for preparing ZnO 2D nanosheets. This review presents a comprehensive study on designing and developing 2D ZnO nanomaterials, followed by accenting its potential applications. To begin with, various synthetic strategies and attributes of ZnO 2D nanosheets are discussed, followed by focusing on methodologies and reaction mechanisms. Then, their deliberation toward batteries, supercapacitors, electronics/optoelectronics, photocatalysis, sensing, and piezoelectronic platforms are further discussed. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities are featured based on its current development.     

Review of FinFET Devices and Perspective on Circuit Design Challenges

Silicon - In recent technology, the demand for 3D multiple-gate MOSFETs such as FinFETs increase. In this paper, FinFETs are explored and reviewed. The scaling of planar MOSFET below 32nm...     

Optimisation of consolidation and whey drainage during the process of Paneer pressing

Test cells of various profiles (circular, square, rectangle) were designed to conduct experiments to evaluate consolidation mechanism and drainage of whey during Paneer pressing. The milk coagulum was subjected to different pressure levels (1.0–3.5 kg/cm²) for different time periods (300, 600, 900 s). The non-dimensional whey expression ratio (WER) during pressing followed an exponential relationship with pressure, and the maximum value for WER ranged from 20.5 to 23.0 for the test cells. The visco-elastic consolidation process was adequately described using Kevin–Voigt models. The void ratio, porosity and consolidation ratio were estimated by the Terzaghi consolidation test.     

Green extraction of phospholipids from ghee residue using pulsed electric field processing: Process optimisation and analysis of structural and compositional parameters

Process parameters were optimised using Taguchi orthogonal array design for extraction of phospholipids (PLs) from ghee residue (GR) with pulsed electric field (PEF) assistance. For higher PL yield and antioxidant activity, process voltage and time were observed to be significant factors. Optimised conditions were determined as 60 kV/cm voltage at 7.5 (v/w) solvent (water)-to-solid ratio for 5 min. Physical disruption of GR matrix due to PEF treatment was established through scanning electron micrographs. Lipidomic profile of the extract ascertained through liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (LC–MS) revealed multiple species of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine in the resultant extract.