Reduction of optical beat interference using gain-saturated RSOA in upstream WDM/SCM optical links

A new scheme for reducing optical beat interference (OBI) noise in optical network units is proposed for subcarrier multiplexing-based access network applications. The optical spectrum of the transmit lasers is broadened by using a radio frequency (RF) clipping tone with a modulation depth greater than one. This reduces the impact of the OBI noise. The distortions caused by an RF clipping tone are also suppressed by introducing a gain-saturated reflective optical amplifier, which shows the characteristics of high-pass filter. The proposed scheme has been verified by measuring the error vector magnitude of 16QAM signal with 20 Mbps. Error-free transmission has been achieved even when the light of OBI-noise-causing lasers is stronger than that of the signal laser by 7 dB     

Fatigue Behavior and Retrofit Investigation of Distortion-Induced Web Gap Cracking

This paper studies a Kansas Department of Transportation welded plate girder bridge that developed fatigue cracks at small web gaps close to the girder top flange. Repair had been previously performed by softening the connection plate end with a slot retrofit, but cracks were recently found to have reinitiated at some of the repaired details and are again propagating. A comprehensive finite-element method study was performed to investigate the cracking behavior observed in the bridge and to recommend appropriate measures for future bridge retrofit. The analytical results show that stresses developed at the top flange web gaps could exceed yielding under the loading of an HS15 fatigue truck. The current slot repair used in the bridge was found to have introduced higher magnitude fatigue stresses in the web gap. To achieve a permanent repair of the bridge, it is recommended that a welded connection plate to flange attachment be used during future bridge retrofit. The web gap details should be able to withstand unlimited number of load cycles once this additional repair is performed.     

Design of software systems based on axiomatic design

The ability to utilize fully automated flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) or develop reliable computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems will depend on our ability to develop reliable and reusable software for large complex systems on a timely basis. To date, software design has not gone very far beyond the ad hoc trial-and-error stage. Consequently, the development of software is slow, expensive, unreliable, and unmanageable. The purpose of this paper is to provide a scientific basis for designing software. The approach used here is that of axiomatic design, which is based on two design axioms: the Independence Axiom and the Information Axiom. The axiomatic approach is based on the recognition of the following common elements in design: the existence of independent domains (i.e. the consumer domain, the functional domain, the physical domain, and the process domain); the need to map between various domains during the design process; the decomposition of the characteristic vectors (i.e. functional requirements, design parameters, and process variables) in their respective domains; the zig-zagging required between the domains for decomposition; and the need to satisfy the design axioms during the design process. The axiomatic approach discussed in this paper provides decision making tools for software design in addition to systematic means of knowledge and data representation, synthesis and analysis of software, and the construction of the module-junction structure diagram.     

Nucleation of solidification in liquid droplets

Analytical and numerical methods have been developed to analyze the solidification kinetics of a mass of liquid droplets dispersed in a fluid or solid matrix using classical nucleation theory. The resulting analytical expressions and numerical calculations can be compared directly with calorimetric measurements of the droplet solidification exotherms to obtain information about the nucleation mechanism. With increasing contact angle at the solid-liquid-matrix triple point, the solidification onset, peak, and end temperatures and exothermic peak height all decrease sharply and the droplet solidification exotherms become broader. Decreasing either the droplet radius or the number of potential catalytic nucleation sites produces a similar but smaller effect. Distributions in droplet radius, contact angle, and nucleation sites have no effect on the solidification peak temperature, but the droplet solidification exotherms become broader and more symmetric. The solidification onset temperature is independent of cooling rate in the calorimeter, but the solidification peak and end temperatures decrease and the exothermic peak height increases with increasing cooling rate. Predicted droplet solidification exotherms are in excellent agreement with detailed experimental measurements on 10-nm-radius Cd droplets embedded in a solid Al matrix. Analytical predictions give best-fit values of 43 deg and 430 for the contact angle and the number of potential catalytic nucleation sites per droplet, respectively; numerical predictions give best-fit values of 43 deg and 750 for the contact angle and the number of potential catalytic nucleation sites per droplet, respectively.     

Use and Disuse of Contextual Primes in Dynamic News Environments

This study reexamines the news priming effects of the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Suggesting an alternative approach to those used in previous studies, this study assesses individuals' use and disuse of a contextual prime (i.e., the air war) in dynamic news environments. With a short-term, quasi-experimental approach considering the air war as a prime stimulus, a path analysis suggests robust evidence of the short-term accessibility effects of priming. More importantly, as suggested in Martin's (1986) set/reset model, this study extends priming effects beyond the simple hydraulic patterns of accessibility effects. It reveals that both attitudes toward military action and attitudes toward a diplomatic solution were used in subsequent judgments of the president's job performance and handling of the war. The associations between attitudes toward a diplomatic solution and subsequent judgments were even stronger than those between attitudes toward military action and the same subsequent judgments, despite the clear prowar primes of news discourse in the air-war context. This pattern was more greatly intensified among those in the high news attention group than those in the low news attention group     

Quick construction of efficient morphological operators bycomputational learning

A new technique is introduced to construct generic morphological operators quickly and automatically using input-output pairs of images as training samples. This process can be modelled as generalised PAC (probably approximately correct) learning. A new representation for morphological operators, much more efficient than the traditional one, is also proposed     

Fast DCT algorithm with fewer multiplication stages

A novel fast DCT scheme with reduced multiplication stages and fewer additions and multiplications is proposed. The proposed algorithm is structured so that most multiplications tend to be performed at the final stage, which reduces the propagation error that could occur in the fixed-point computation. Minimisation of the multiplication stages can further decrease the error     

Virtual circuit connection method for RSVP multicasting supportingheterogeneous receivers on the ATM network

The authors suggest a novel virtual circuit connection method based on the reverse traversing technique to minimise the waste of network bandwidth resources, when the Internet protocol multicast is interoperated using the resource reservation protocol over an asynchronous transfer mode network. Simulation results show that, as the number of receivers increases, the bandwidth requirements on all links of the network of the proposed scheme become more advantageous than those of other conventional methods     

ERCP and CT findings of ectopic drainage of the common bile duct into the duodenal bulb

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate ERCP and CT findings of ectopic drainage of the common bile duct into the duodenal bulb. CONCLUSION: Although rare, the diagnosis of ectopic drainage of the common bile duct into the duodenal bulb is important to prevent inadvertent damage during biliary tract or gastric surgery and to clarify the cause of chronic peptic ulcers.