超稠油生产重交通道路石油沥青工艺探讨

超稠油的密度大、粘度高、轻油收率低、酸值高，沥青组成分布不合理，生产沥青困难。探索合适的超稠油生产沥青的加工工艺，不但可以解决超稠油加工困难问题，而且增加了生产道路沥青产品的原料资源。试验及生产证明，采用调和、预处理-蒸馏等工艺加工超稠油能够生产出合格的重交通道路石油沥青产品。     

The thermal behavior of mechanically activated galena by thermogravimetry analysis

The thermal decompositions of mechanically activated and nonactivated galenas were studied by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) at the heating rate of 10 K min⁻¹ in argon. Results indicate that the initial temperature of thermal decomposition (abbreviated as T _di) in the TGA curves for different galenas decreases gradually with increased grinding time. The specific granulometric surface area (S _G), the structural disorder, and the content of elemental sulfur of mechanically activated galenas were analyzed by an X-ray diffraction (XRD) laser particle-size analyzer, XRD analysis, and the gravimetric method, respectively, which shows that the specific granulometric surface area of mechanically activated galenas remains almost constant after a certain grinding time, but the lattice distortions (ε) rise, the crystallite sizes (D) decrease, and the elemental sulfur contents of mechanically activated galenas increase with increased grinding time. The results imply that the decrease of the initial temperature of thermal decomposition in the TGA curves for mechanically activated galenas is mainly caused by the increase of lattice distortions, and the formation of new dangling bonds resulted from the production of elemental sulfur of mechanically activated galenas with increased grinding time. Finally, the differences in the thermal-decomposition reactivity between nonactivated and mechanically activated galenas were also discussed.     

A quantitative relationship between per capita GDP and scientometric criteria

There exists a quantitative relationship, which can be expressed as G=kF(lgP)N, where G is per capita GDP, F gross expenditure on R&D as % of GDP, P patent applications, N Internet users per 10,000 inhabitants, and k a constant ranging from 0.4 to 1.2 in most countries. The mechanism of the relationship is explained in the paper.     

安钢集团信息化实施策略探讨

近年来，为了更好地应对新的市场挑战，钢铁企业都在积极推进信息化建设，以实现管理提升、效益提升的目标。本文结合安钢集团的实际情况，对信息化实施策略进行初步的探讨，希望能对企业信息化建设有所借鉴。     

暖通空调计算机辅助广义设计模式探讨

本文在研究人类设计技能模型的基础上，建立暖通空调广义设计过程模式，提出暖通空调广义设计过程及其CAD系统的信息模型，并以此为基础建立了暖通空调广义CAD系统的框架。     

关于询价招标订购文件的名称

根据Requisition的词义和询价、招标、订购文件的意义，建议将不能准确表达意思的中文译词“请购”改成“询购”。     

Advances in internet congestion control

In this survey, we first review the concept of congestion control with a focus on the Transmission Control Protocol⁄Internet Protocol (TCP⁄IP). We describe many recently proposed algorithms to combat congestion and improve performance, particularly active queue management (AQM) algorithms such as random early detection (RED) and its variants. We then survey control-theoretic analysis and design of TCP congestion control with an AQM scheme. In addition, we discuss three problems associated with AQM proposals: parameter setting, the insensitivity to the input traffic load variation, and the mismatch between macroscopic and microscopic behavior of queue length dynamics. As alternatives to AQM algorithms, we also survey architectural approaches such as modification of source or network algorithms, and economic approaches including pricing or optimization of allocated resources. Finally, we list many open issues that persist in the design, operation, and control of the Internet.     

On the relationship between parity space and approaches to fault detection

Parity space approach and H₂ approach are two important fault detection approaches. This paper studies the relationship between these two approaches, which reveals frequency domain characteristics of the optimal solution of the parity space approach on the one side and provides a numerical solution of the H₂-optimal design of residual generators on the other side.     

Novel algorithms for shared segment protection

The major challenges in designing survivable schemes are how to allocate a minimal amount of spare resources (e.g., bandwidth) using fast (e.g., polynomial-time) algorithms, and, in case a failure occurs, to be able to recover quickly from it. All existing approaches invariably make tradeoffs. We propose novel shared segment protection algorithms which make little or no compromise . We develop an elegant integer linear programming (ILP) model to determine an optimal set of segments to protect a given active path. Although the ILP approach is useful for a medium-size network, it is too time consuming for large networks. Accordingly, we also design a fast heuristic algorithm based on dynamic programming to obtain a near-optimal set of segments. Although the heuristic algorithm has a polynomial time complexity, it can achieve a bandwidth efficiency as high as some best-performing shared path protection schemes and, at the same time, much faster recovery than these shared path protection schemes. The proposed scheme is also applicable to a wide range of networking technologies, including Internet Protocol and wavelength-division multiplexing networks under the generalized multiprotocol label switched framework.