Lactic Acid Fermentation of Saccharified Solution from Rice Flour

For the preparation of a tasty fermented beverage from rice flour, suitable amylases and lactic acid bacteria were explored and selected. A glucoa-mylase from Rhizopus commercially named as gluczyme formed less reducing sugars from gelatinized rice flour than glucoamylase from As-pergillus. However, saccharified solution prepared by gluczyme was well utilized by a lactic acid bacterium isolated from a kefir, which is considered to be a bacterium closely related to Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The substances such as amino acids formed by some contaminating enzymes like protease in gluczyme are presumed to stimulate the growth of the kefir-bacterium and contribute to the formation of a favorable fermented beverage.     

日本超级钢材研究项目（STX—21）

1 前言 根据"科技基本法(1995)”和"科技基本计划(1996)”,为了处理社会和经济上的需要以及基于将日本发展成为科技创造性国家的目标,日本政府已经决定推进R&D活动.发明新颖和革新的技术、创造新工业、实现有活力且富裕的生活、解决全球问题以及促进健康都是上述所提及的社会和经济上的需要.     

WARMED-OVER FLAVOR IN COOKED MEATS

SUMMARY –Conditions leading to the development of warmed-over flavor in uncured cooked meat were studied. Beef muscle which had been thoroughly extracted with water did not develop warmed-over flavor indicating that the substance responsible for initiating the reaction was water soluble. A water extract from muscle tissue was fractionated by dialysis and column chromatography, and the various fractions were added back to water-extracted tissue. The development of warmed-over flavor in this system was followed by TBA analysis and odor evaluation. Heme compounds were found to have little effect on the development of warmed-over flavor in this system. The reaction was apparently catalyzed by ferrous iron and ascorbate. It is considered that ascorbic acid functions by keeping at least a portion of the iron in the ferrous state. At higher levels ascorbic acid inhibited the reaction, possibly by upsetting a balance between ferrous and ferric iron.     

Microstructure of SiC Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition

Silicon carbide prepared by chemical vapor deposition at a substrate temperature of ∼1400425-429°C was investigated. Optical microscopy showed that the growth characteristic is dendritic; the deposits consist of columnar blocks within each of which the orientation of crystals is approximately the same. Small pores occur along the boundaries of these blocks. Transmission electron microscopy revealed finer details of the growth characteristics. The crystals were mostly 3 C in structure, but crystals with 2H and one-dimensionally-disordered structures were also found. The 3 C crystals are mostly dendritic, but some columnar growth with alternating twin bands occurs. Both 2 H and one-dimensionallydisordered crystals exhibit a columnar habit, reflecting the difference in crystal symmetry from 3 C . In all these crystals, the c axis (or one of the <111> axes in 3 C crystals) lies perpendicular to the substrate.     

Immunochemical Studies on the Denaturation of Ovalbumin Stored with Glucose

The ovalbumin denaturation induced by Maillard reaction with glucose was investigated by immunochemical methods. The storage for either 2 or 10 days at 50°C and 65% relative humidity decreased the maximum immunoprecipitation to 90 and 80% of that by native protein, respectively. Ten day-stored ovalbumin was separated into two fractions with antigenicity (fr-II) and without (fr-I) by the immunoaffinity chromatography of antiovalbumin-coupled Sepharose 4B. The circular dichroism (CD) analysis showed that fr-II, containing amino groups in almost the same amount as fr-I, retained a large amount of ordered structure. Ovalbumin molecules were presumably not denatured by only the modification of amino groups with glucose in an early stage of Maillard reaction.     

Computation of optimal control for linear systems with delay

A numerical algorithm is presented to calculate an optimal control recursively for linear multivariable systems with delay. The algorithm is based on the method of steepest descent in Hilbert space. The optimal control of a multivariable system with delay for a quadratic criterion function is given by the Riccati partial differential equations. These are simultaneous partial differential equations which are difficult to solve numerically. In most computational algorithms, errors are inevitable, a vast memory is required, and a lot of computational time is needed. This makes it impractical to use available computers for these algorithms. The algorithm presented here gives optimal control effectively without a large memory requirement. It also provides a practical computational method for obtaining the optimal control of multivariable systems with delay. Several numerical computations are performed to show how the effectiveness of the algorithm compares with other methods.     

好氧微生物基团内的基质分布与 NH+4的硝化特点分析

废水生物处理的微生物基团是以生物膜或悬浮絮体存在于体系内的，其中所含有的大量种群复杂的微生物与基质在微生物基团的分布密切相关．采用微小电极技术测定了微生物基团内DO浓度、NH4^ -N浓度的变化特点．结果表明：DO在微生物基团内的扩散深度在一定范围内随体系DO浓度增加而增加；微生物基团内硝化作用发生的范围与DO扩散深度直接相关；过高的DO浓度，由于受传质阻力的影响，其在微生物基团内的扩散深度并不会持续增加；体系DO高于2mg／L以上时的硝化效果基本接近．因此，生物硝化系统内DO为2mg／L时，既可满足硝化要求又可节约能量．     

Fracture toughness measurement of thin-film silicon

The fracture toughness of single‐crystal silicon thin films oriented to (100) and (110) was investigated by tensile testing under both 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 loading conditions. The specimen was fabricated from a p‐type Czochralski (CZ)‐grown wafer and passed through a thermal process during the fabrication of the test device. The measured fracture toughness is dependent on the loading direction in the tensile test and independent of the specimen surface orientation. The test results were 1.94 MPa√m in the 〈100〉 direction and 1.17 MPa√m in the 〈110〉. In these tests, no longitudinal size effect on the fracture stress or fracture toughness was observed. The SEM photographs obtained from the fracture specimens after the tensile test show that the crack initiated from the notch tip and propagated straight in the across‐the‐width direction on the (110) or (111) cleavage plane.     

Modelling and control of a flexible rotary crane

We first derive a dynamical model for the control of a flexible rotary crane which carries out three kinds of motion (rotation, load hoisting, and boom hoisting) simultaneously. Only the joint between the boom and the jib is assumed to be flexible. The goal is to transfer a load to a desired place in such a way that at the end of the transfer the swing of the load decays as quickly as possible. We first apply an open-loop control input to the system such that the state of the system can be transferred to a neighbourhood of the equilibrium state. Then we apply a feedback control signal so that the stale of the system approaches the equilibrium state as quickly as possible.