Effects of Ca++, Mg++ and Na+ on Heat Aggregation of Whey Protein Concentrates

Effect of Ca⁺⁺ on the heat aggregation of whey protein concentrates (WPC) was compared with that of Na⁺ and Mg⁺⁺. On the alkaline side of the isoelectric zone, aggregation of WPC was increased by the addition of CaCl₂, MgCl₂ or NaCl, among which CaCl₂ showed the greatest effect. The denaturation temperature of WPC determined by differential scanning calorimetry significantly decreased in the presence of CaCl₂ or MgCl₂, but increased slightly in the presence of NaCl. In the electrophoretic patterns of heated WPC, the most sensitive protein to Ca⁺⁺ was β-lactoglobulin.     

H2Ti4O9纳米晶的制备与表征

采用机械化学法,利用离子交换反应,通过离子交换、层离和沉淀过程制备了高比表面积的H2Ti4O9纳米晶体.采用XRD、TEM、热分析、N2吸附脱附等温过程和吸收光谱对制备的H2Ti4O9纳米晶体进行了表征.结果表明,以TiO2纳米晶片形式存在的微晶Ti4O9^2-,其径向尺寸低于50nm,纳米晶片的比表面积取决于反应溶液的pH值和对前驱物K2Ti4O9球磨的时间.将K2Ti4O9球磨2h后悬浮于1mol/L HCl溶液中搅拌,进行离子交换反应,最后将溶液pH值调整至8,沉淀后所得产物H2Ti4O9的比表面积达328.4m^2·g^1.     

Some Functional Properties under Heating of the Globin Prepared by Carboxymethyl Cellulose Procedure

Conditions for gel formation of heated globin and inhibition of thermocoagulation of ovalbumin and bovine serum albumin by globin were investigated. Globin was highly soluble even when heated at 100°C at pH below 5. Globin also considerably inhibited thermocoagulation of ovalbumin and serum albumin near their isoelectric point. A great increase of viscosity was observed when 1% globin solution was heated at above 80°C in the narrow pH range between pH 5.2 and 5.4. Heated globin formed a transparent gel at concentration above 3% under well controlled heat conditions.     

Inhibition of N-Nitrosamine Formation in a Cured Ground Pork Belly Model System

A model system consisting of a uniformly distributed sample of ground pork in conjunction with a nitrite containing curing solution was utilized to evaluate the formation of N-nitrosamines. Utilizing this system a wide variety of compounds were discovered to dramatically reduce the level of N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPyr) formed during frying. Carbohydrates including the reducing sugars dextrose, ribose, lactose, and maltose, as well as liquid smoke preparations, were found to reduce NPyr levels by as much as 60%. In addition, when low levels of combinations of inhibitors glucose, liquid smoke, and α-tocopherol were incorporated, reductions in nitrosamine levels as great as 80% were observed in model systems as well as in pilot plant manufactured bacon.     

Properties of Space Charge Distributions and Conduction Current in XLPE and LDPE under DC High Electric Field

Space charge behavior and conduction current in polyethylene under dc stress were investigated. One of the reasons for the different breakdown property in cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) from that in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) may be based on the existence of cross‐linking by‐products in XLPE. Furthermore, a thermal history in cross‐linking process for XLPE may also cause of the difference. It is generally accepted that the existence of the cross‐linking by‐products increase the conduction current in XLPE under dc stress. It is also said that an anneal treatment in air atmosphere may affect to the electrical properties under dc stress. Therefore, we investigated the effect of the cross‐linking by‐products and the anneal treatment on space charge behavior and conduction current in polyethylene under dc stress. In our research, it is thought that the increasing dissipation power in XLPE is the cause of the breakdown in it under dc stress. Therefore, to calculate the dissipation power in the bulk of test sample, we measured the space charge distribution and the external circuit current simultaneously. Based on the results, we discussed the reason of the difference of the space charge properties in XLPE and LDPE focusing on the cross‐linking by‐products and the oxidation of the test samples.     

端铣中工具进给速度的最佳化

This paper deals with the tool feed rate optimization for smoothening of cutting force in end milling of workpiece with corner and straight parts. There is a difference between the cutting force in a corner part cutting and that in a straight part cutting. The cause of this is due to the difference in the instantaneous depths of cut in both cuttings. The scheme of this study is to prevent the generation of excessive cutting force in the corner part machining by comparison with the straight part machining. By dividing the NC (Numerical Control) cutting path of the corner part and changing the tool feed rate in each division, the cutting force in the corner part has been controlled. Furthermore, the possibility of realization of a shortening in machining time has been examined.     

THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS ON THERMOACOUSTIC CONVECTION

Thermoacoustic convection, that is, convection generated in a compressible fluid due to rapid heating of one of the enclosing walls, was studied numerically. Acoustic waves were found to be generated by sinusoidal heating of the wall as well as by a step function. In a finite layer of fluid the pressure wave is reflected back and forth until dissipated by viscosity. The fluctuating velocity generated by the pressure wave greatly enhances the rate of heat transfer over that for pure transient conduction. The same qualitative behavior but widely varying quantitative behavior was computed for different conditions. The simple theory of adiabatic waves, which neglects the diffusion of momentum and energy, accurately predicts the inter-relationship between the various dependent variables but neither the strength of the wave nor the rate of decay. Hence, these two approaches are complementary.     

High Power Neutral Beam Injection in LHD

The results on high power injection with the ueutral bean, injection （NBI） system for the Large Helical Device （LHD） are reported. The system consists of three beam-lines with two hydrogen negative ion （H^- ion） sources installed in each beam-line. In order to improve the injection power, a new beam accelerator with a multi-slot grounded grid （MSGG） has been developed and applied to one beam-line. Using the accelerator, a maximum power of 5.7 MW was achieved in 2003 and 2004, and the maximum energy of 189 keV was reached. The power and energy exceeded the design values of the individual beam-line for LHD. The other beam-lines also increased their injection power up to about 4 MW, and the total injection power of 13.1 MW was achieved with three beam-llnes in 2003. Although the accelerator had an advantage in high power beam injection, extracted beams expand in the short side direction of the ground-grid slot. The disadvantage has been resolved by modifying the aperture shapes of the steering grid.     

Electrical and mechanical properties of ZrO2(2Y)/TiN composites and laminates made from these materials

High density composites with the compositions of ZrO₂(2Y):TiN=40:60 and 70:30 mol% have been fabricated by hot isostatic pressing for 2 h at 1500°C and 196 MPa. The electrical resistivities (ρ) of the two composites are very different; showing metallic behaviour in the first case and insulating behaviour in the latter case. These properties are highly dependent on the sample texture. Laminated materials with compositions of ZrO₂(2Y)/TiN=(40:60)/(70:30)/(40:60) mol% have been prepared by hot isostatic pressing. The electrical resistivities in the perpendicular and parallel to the interface directions have been determined to be ρ⊥≈1×109 and ρ∥≈ 1×10^-6 Ωm, respectively. A residual stress of as much as ≈ 150 MPa is induced in the interfaces. The fracture toughness is greatly affected by the residual stress. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.