A multi coding technique to reduce transition activity in VLSI circuits

Advances in VLSI technology have enabled the implementation of complex digital circuits in a single chip, reducing system size and power consumption. In deep submicron low power CMOS VLSI design, the main cause of energy dissipation is charging and discharging of internal node capacitances due to transition activity. Transition activity is one of the major factors that also affect the dynamic power dissipation. This paper proposes power reduction analyzed through algorithm and logic circuit levels. In algorithm level the key aspect of reducing power dissipation is by minimizing transition activity and is achieved by introducing a data coding technique. So a novel multi coding technique is introduced to improve the efficiency of transition activity up to 52.3% on the bus lines, which will automatically reduce the dynamic power dissipation. In addition, 1 bit full adders are introduced in the Hamming distance estimator block, which reduces the device count. This coding method is implemented using Verilog HDL. The overall performance is analyzed by using Modelsim and Xilinx Tools. In total 38.2% power saving capability is achieved compared to other existing methods.     

The RAGE/DIAPH1 Signaling Axis & Implications for the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Complications

Increasing evidence links the RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products)/DIAPH1 (Diaphanous 1) signaling axis to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. RAGE is a multi-ligand receptor and through these ligand–receptor interactions, extensive maladaptive effects are exerted on cell types and tissues targeted for dysfunction in hyperglycemia observed in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Recent evidence indicates that RAGE ligands, acting as damage-associated molecular patterns molecules, or DAMPs, through RAGE may impact interferon signaling pathways, specifically through upregulation of IRF7 (interferon regulatory factor 7), thereby heralding and evoking pro-inflammatory effects on vulnerable tissues. Although successful targeting of RAGE in the clinical milieu has, to date, not been met with success, recent approaches to target RAGE intracellular signaling may hold promise to fill this critical gap. This review focuses on recent examples of highlights and updates to the pathobiology of RAGE and DIAPH1 in diabetic complications.     

Hydrogen production from used lubricating oils

Used lubricating oils (lube oils) are generated throughout the year and collected in central locations in many communities. Disposing lube oil in an improper manner contaminates environment to a great degree. Used lube oil can be valuable as a re-refined lubricant or as an energy source. Lube oil is a complex mixture of aliphatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons formulated to withstand high service temperatures in internal combustion engines. Both synthetic and mineral oils contain a high concentration of hydrogen (about 13–14 wt%). At the Florida Solar Energy Center, we have developed a process that converts lube oils to hydrogen and other valuable low molecular weight hydrocarbons. The lube oil reformation experiments were carried out using several commercially available dehydrogenation catalysts at a range of reactor temperatures and pressures, residence times and steam to carbon ratios. In this paper, the data obtained to date and the results are presented and discussed.     

Common Mode Voltage Reduction Using 3D-SVPWM for 3-level CI-NPC Inverter with Hybrid Energy System

This paper elucidates Common Mode Voltage (CMV) reduction in transformerless 3-phase 3-level Coupled Inductor Neutral Point (CI-NPC) Clamped Inverter with Hybrid Energy System. The three dimensional Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (3D-SVPWM) with Nearest State Vector (NSV) is implemented to reduce the CMV by proper selection of medium, large and small vectors in 3D cubic space region. This NSV scheme in addition to CMV reduction, reduces the capacitor voltage balancing issues and minimizes switching losses. The proposed control provides full utilization of dc link voltage with reduced harmonics. This 3-level CI-NPC inverter is energized by hybrid energy source which includes photovoltaic system and wind energy system. The results obtained for the proposed scheme through simulation and experimental setup is compared with the conventional 2D-SVPWM and 3D-SVPWM scheme. From the compared results it is evident that the proposed scheme reduces CMV to a larger extent than 2D and 3D-SVPWM control. The simulation and experimental results are verified using matlab-simulink and FPGA-Spartan-6 controller respectively.     

Direct comparison of four implicit memory tests.

Four verbal implicit memory tests, word identification, word stem completion, word fragment completion, and anagram solution, were directly compared in 1 experiment and were contrasted with free recall. On all implicit tests, priming was greatest from prior visual presentation of words, less (but significant) from auditory presentation, and least from pictorial presentations. Typefont did not affect priming. In free recall, pictures were recalled better than words. The 4 implicit tests all largely index perceptual (lexical) operations in recognizing words, or visual word form representations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mn- and Cr-Doped InN: A Promising Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Material

Cr- and Mn-doped InN films were successfully grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on c-plane sapphire substrates. Low temperature GaN buffer layers grown by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy were used to accommodate the large lattice mismatch between InN and sapphire. A high n-type carrier concentration of 1.5×10²⁰ cm^–3 was measured in InN films with 3% Cr-doping. Films of this type exhibit a well-defined in-plane magnetic hysteresis loop and remanence for temperatures varying from 5 to 300K. The Mn-doped films, however, turned out to exhibit less clear magnetic properties. Thus, ferromagnetism in Cr-doped InN can be concluded from our measurements.     

Electrochemical behavior of blood coagulation proteins—factors V and VIII

The electrochemical reactions of two blood coagulation proteins, factors V and VIII (AC globulin and antihemophila factor) at platinum -NaCl interface were investigated using cyclic voltammetric techniques. Voltammograms were recorded for three concentrations of each of the proteins (0·1, 1·0 and 10 times the physiologic concentration) at different scan rates. The results of this preliminary study suggest that these compounds take part in more than one electron transfer reaction at the interface. Some of these may be coupled with chemical reactions. With both the proteins, particularly at lower concentrations, their adsorption has a significant influence on the peak current functions. Prediction as to the detailed type or nature of these reactions is not feasible at the present time due to the complexity of the molecules and to the lack of structural information of the proteins.     

Effect of manuring and frequency of cutting on the yield of leaf protein from some fodder grasses

A study to find out the effect of manuring and the frequency of cutting on the yield of leaf protein was conducted with four fodder grasses. The study revealed that Cenchrus glaucus was superior to the other grasses tried and it gave the maximum yield of dry matter and extractable protein. Farm yard manure at 10 tons/ha along with ammonium sulphate at 33 kg N/ha proved to be the best in giving the highest yield of dry matter and leaf protein. For all the grasses the maximum yield was found to range within the first three cuttings.     

Growth and Characterization of C60 Crystals from Pure C60 and Fullerite

Good quality C₆₀ crystals have been grown from high purity C₆₀ powder and fullerene mixture (C₆₀/C₇₀) by vacuum sublimation method. The grown crystals were characterized with Optical microscopy, SEM, powder XRD, High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Raman spectroscopic analyses.