Soap-based detergent formulations: VI. Alkylaryl sulfonamide derivatives as lime soap dispersing agents

Alkylbenzenes, such as industrial detergent alkylates, as well as pure 1-phenylalkanes whose side chain lengths varied C₈−C₁₂, were converted into the corresponding alkylbenzenensulfonyl chlorides with chlorosulfonic acid. Surface active sulfonamides were obtained from the reaction of the sulfonyl chlorides with various low mol wt aminosulfonic acids, such as N-methyltaurine, or with aminoalkyl esters of sulfuric acid, such as 2-aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate. The hydrolytic stability of the resulting surface active sulfonamide derivatives was investigated. As expected, the sulfonates were quite resistant to acid or alkaline hydrolysis, while the sulfates were more susceptible to hydrolysis. Hydrolytic stability of the sulfonamides was compared with that of the analogous fatty acid amide sulfactants. All of the compounds were excellent lime soap dispersing agents giving Borhetty-Bergman values of 4–10. The compounds were evaluated for detergency either alone or formulated either with tallow soap or with tallow soap and sodium silicate (Na₂O/SiO₂ ratio of 1∶1.6) The derivatives of the pure hydrocarbons which gave the best overall detergency were those of 1-phenyldecane and 1-phenyldodecane, whereas those of 1-phenyloctane exhibited poor detergency. This ranking was observed when the compounds were tested alone as well as when formulated. The sulfonamide derivatives of the detergent alkylate type of alkylbenzenes exhibited excellent detergency characteristics and showed substantial potentiation of detergency when mixed with soap or with a soap-sodium silicate blend. The detergency performance of some of these formulated detergents was equal to that of a commercial household detergent used as a control.     

Molecular modeling of antibody-antigen complexes between the Brucella abortus O-chain polysaccharide and a specific monoclonal antibody

A molecular model of the binding site of an anti-carbohydrateantibody (YsT9.1) has been developed using computer-assistedmodeling techniques and molecular dynamics calculations. Sequencehomologies among YsT9.1 and the Fv regions of McPC603, J539and human Bence-Jones protein REI, all of which have solvedcrystal structures, provided the basis for the modeling. Thegroove-type combining site model had a topography which wascomplementary to low energy confonners of the polysaccharide,a Brucella O-antigen, and the site could be almost completelyfilled by a pentasaccharide epitope in either of two dockingmodes. Putative interactions between this epitope and the antibodyare consistent with the known structural requirements for bindingand lead to the design of oligosaccharide inhibitors that probethe veracity of the modeled docked complex. Ultimately boththe Fv model and the docked complex will be compared with independentcrystal structures of YsT9.1 Fab with and without pentasaccharideinhibitor, currently at the stage of refinement.     

Introductory remarks

Surface active agents are used in the textile industry during the processing of fibers into yarns and fabrics, the finishing of leather products and during the removal of soil from textile products by laundering or dry cleaning. In these introductory remarks to the symposium, attention is directed to the phenomena occurring at solid-liquid interfaces during these processes. The properties of the surface active agents and the solvents used, the surface free energy and structure of the polymeric textile products and other, often poorly defined, surface chemical and physical characteristics of the products influence the interactions of these agents. The interactions of surface active agents, often derived from fats and oils, dissolved or dispersed in liquids, with textile materials, including natural products such as cotton, wool and leather, as well as man-made fibers, are considered in this symposium. One of eight papers being published from the Symposium “Surface Active Agents in the Textile Industry,” presented at the AOCS meeting in New Orleans, April 1970. So. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

The involvement of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and 1,8-diphenyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene in the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate

Summary The , -diphenyl derivatives of 1,3,5-hexatriene and 1,3,5,7-octatetraene strongly retard the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA); the effects are greater when initiation is achieved with benzoyl peroxide than when azobisisobutyronitrile is used. The tetraene and the triene are respectively 575 and not less than 240 times as effective as MMA in capturing the benzoyloxy radical at 60°C.     

Characterizing the deformation of cold-rolled copper sheet

An advanced x-ray diffraction technique allows the development of texture components to be monitored and provides supplementary information about the cold work and residual stresses in cold-rolled copper sheet. The new technique confirms the results of an ultrasonic test, except for the ultrasonic test’s sensitivity to grain size. The new x-ray diffraction technique could be adapted to provide in-process, nondestructive evaluation of thin copper sheet, even for material moving at high speeds.     

Suppression of carbon monoxide formation in oxide-coated TZM molybdenum X-ray rotating anodes

Higher performance designs for rotating anode X-ray tubes have increased the average rotating anode temperature from below 1100 °C to well above 1300 °C. This temperature increase has accelerated the formation of carbon monoxide by reaction of carbon from the alloy substrate with oxygen from the emissive coating. The dominant carbon source is thought to be Mo₂C grain boundary precipitates in the TZM molybdenum alloy substrate. The dominant oxygen source is thought to be TiO in the emissive coating. Placement of a monocarbide-forming reactive layer between the alloy substrate and the emissive coating has been demonstrated to lower the thermodynamic activity of the carbon source and dramatically reduce the rate of formation of carbon monoxide.     

Hard Data Is Good to Find

Indices are a common and useful way to summarize a changing field for both the lay and the specialist reader, and it's time that we had them for information security.     

The effect of curing on the crystallization of poly(phenylene sulfide)

Summary Poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) was cured in the melt and solid states under air and/or nitrogen environments. Crystallization behavior of such cured materials as a function of cure time at 320°C and 255°C was studied via differential scanning calorimetry. It was found, on general, that while short-time curing leads to an increase in crystallization rate, prolonged curing leads to a decrease in both crystallinity and crystallization rate. In contrast to the enhanced crystallization rate caused by curing in nitrogen at the melt state, no significant change of crystallization rate is observed while curing is done in the solid state (in nitrogen).