Cumulative Sum Control Charts for Monitoring Weibull‐distributed Time Between Events

The Weibull distribution can be used to effectively model many different failure mechanisms due to its inherent flexibility through the appropriate selection of a shape and a scale parameter. In this paper, we evaluate and compare the performance of three cumulative sum (CUSUM) control charts to monitor Weibull‐distributed time‐between‐event observations. The first two methods are the Weibull CUSUM chart and the exponential CUSUM (ECUSUM) chart. The latter is considered in literature to be robust to the assumption of the exponential distribution when observations have a Weibull distribution. For the third CUSUM chart included in this study, an adjustment in the design of the ECUSUM chart is used to account for the true underlying time‐between‐event distribution. This adjustment allows for the adjusted ECUSUM chart to be directly comparable to the Weibull CUSUM chart. By comparing the zero‐state average run length and average time to signal performance of the three charts, the ECUSUM chart is shown to be much less robust to departures from the exponential distribution than was previously claimed in the literature. We demonstrate the advantages of using one of the other two charts, which show surprisingly similar performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Low‐level PGAS computing on many‐core processors with TSHMEM

Diminishing returns from increased clock frequencies and instruction‐level parallelism have forced computer architects to adopt architectures that exploit wider parallelism through multiple processor cores. While emerging many‐core architectures have progressed at a remarkable rate, concerns arise regarding the performance and productivity of numerous parallel‐programming tools for application development. Development of parallel applications on many‐core processors often requires developers to familiarize themselves with unique characteristics of a target platform while attempting to maximize performance and maintain correctness of their applications. The family of partitioned global address space (PGAS) programming models comprises the current state of the art in balancing performance and programmability. One such PGAS approach is SHMEM, a lightweight, shared‐memory programming library that has demonstrated high performance and productivity potential for parallel‐computing systems with distributed‐memory architectures. In the paper, we present research, design, and analysis of a new SHMEM infrastructure specifically crafted for low‐level PGAS on modern and emerging many‐core processors featuring dozens of cores and more. Our approach (with a new library known as TSHMEM) is investigated and evaluated atop two generations of Tilera architectures, which are among the most sophisticated and scalable many‐core processors to date, and is intended to enable similar libraries atop other architectures now emerging. In developing TSHMEM, we explore design decisions and their impact on parallel performance for the Tilera TILE‐Gx and TILEPro many‐core architectures, and then evaluate the designs and algorithms within TSHMEM through microbenchmarking and applications studies with other communication libraries. Our results with barrier primitives provided by the Tilera libraries show dissimilar performance between the TILE‐Gx and TILEPro; therefore, TSHMEM's barrier design takes an alternative approach and leverages the on‐chip mesh network to provide consistent low‐latency performance. In addition, our experiments with TSHMEM show that naive collective algorithms consistently outperformed linear distributed collective algorithms when executed in an SMP‐centric environment. In leveraging these insights for the design of TSHMEM, our approach outperforms the OpenSHMEM reference implementation, achieves similar to positive performance over OpenMP and OSHMPI atop MPICH, and supports similar libraries in delivering high‐performance parallel computing to emerging many‐core systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The relationship between integrated design and construction and safety on construction projects

The occurrence of accidents and injuries continues to be a major problem in construction worldwide. Even though accident statistics have been improving in most markets there are significant areas requiring further attention. The extent of integrated working between designers and constructors may be an instrumental factor. A comparison is undertaken of the accident performance of 55 large construction projects in the UK, with varying levels of design/construction integration as represented by procurement path. Although a statistical relationship between high levels of integration and low levels of accidents was weak, a follow‐up interview study provided strong support, suggesting that a lack of significance was related to the unreliability of the statistics available. The interview study also indicated reasons for this link. A key element in improved safety was seen to be better communications and a more positive relationship between designers and constructors. Further research into designing for safety for all procurement paths is recommended.     

“They have good intentions”. Young People's Experiences of Living in Melbourne's Peri-Urban Areas

While contemporary urban theories suggest that individuals have transcended their geographical community, evidence suggests that urban residents still feel ‘attached’ to place. In the literature, several socio-demographic characteristics are associated with place attachment. Scholars suggest physical features, such as community ‘greenspace’, may also influence place attachment. Yet research does not consider the relationship between one's objective proximity to greenspace or the objective availability of community greenspace on residents' place attachment. This study employs multi-level models and draws on police incident data, census data, two spatial data sets and survey data from over 4000 residents living across 148 state suburbs in Australia to assess the relationship between greenspace proximity and greenspace availability on place attachment. Our findings indicate that greater proportions and more accessible greenspace may not improve residents' attachment to their local community.     

Maternal Fructose Intake Causes Developmental Reprogramming of Hepatic Mitochondrial Catalytic Activity and Lipid Metabolism in Weanling and Young Adult Offspring

Excess dietary fructose is a major public health concern, yet little is known about its influence on offspring development and later-life disease when consumed in excess during pregnancy. To determine whether increased maternal fructose intake could have long-term consequences on offspring health, we investigated the effects of 10% w/v fructose water intake during preconception and pregnancy in guinea pigs. Female Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs were fed a control diet (CD) or fructose diet (FD; providing 16% of total daily caloric intake) ad libitum 60 days prior to mating and throughout gestation. Dietary interventions ceased at day of delivery. Offspring were culled at day 21 (D21) (weaning) and at 4 months (4 M) (young adult). Fetal exposure to excess maternal fructose intake significantly increased male and female triglycerides at D21 and 4 M and circulating palmitoleic acid and total omega-7 through day 0 (D0) to 4 M. Proteomic and functional analysis of significantly differentially expressed proteins revealed that FD offspring (D21 and 4 M) had significantly increased mitochondrial metabolic activities of β-oxidation, electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species production compared to the CD offspring. Western blotting analysis of both FD offspring validated the increased protein abundances of mitochondrial ETC complex II and IV, SREBP-1c and FAS, whereas VDAC1 expression was higher at D21 but lower at 4 M. We provide evidence demonstrating offspring programmed hepatic mitochondrial metabolism and de novo lipogenesis following excess maternal fructose exposure. These underlying asymptomatic programmed pathways may lead to a predisposition to metabolic dysfunction later in life.     

COVID-19 and Lung Mast Cells: The Kallikrein–Kinin Activation Pathway

Mast cells (MCs) have relevant participation in inflammatory and vascular hyperpermeability events, responsible for the action of the kallikrein–kinin system (KKS), that affect patients inflicted by the severe form of COVID-19. Given a higher number of activated MCs present in COVID-19 patients and their association with vascular hyperpermeability events, we investigated the factors that lead to the activation and degranulation of these cells and their harmful effects on the alveolar septum environment provided by the action of its mediators. Therefore, the pyroptotic processes throughout caspase-1 (CASP-1) and alarmin interleukin-33 (IL-33) secretion were investigated, along with the immunoexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), bradykinin receptor B1 (B1R) and bradykinin receptor B2 (B2R) on post-mortem lung samples from 24 patients affected by COVID-19. The results were compared to 10 patients affected by H1N1pdm09 and 11 control patients. As a result of the inflammatory processes induced by SARS-CoV-2, the activation by immunoglobulin E (IgE) and degranulation of tryptase, as well as Toluidine Blue metachromatic (TB)-stained MCs of the interstitial and perivascular regions of the same groups were also counted. An increased immunoexpression of the tissue biomarkers CASP-1, IL-33, ACE2, B1R and B2R was observed in the alveolar septum of the COVID-19 patients, associated with a higher density of IgE⁺ MCs, tryptase⁺ MCs and TB-stained MCs, in addition to the presence of intra-alveolar edema. These findings suggest the direct correlation of MCs with vascular hyperpermeability, edema and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) events that affect patients with a severe form of this disease. The role of KKS activation in events involving the exacerbated increase in vascular permeability and its direct link with the conditions that precede intra-alveolar edema, and the consequent DAD, is evidenced. Therapy with drugs that inhibit the activation/degranulation of MCs can prevent the worsening of the prognosis and provide a better outcome for the patient.     

Teriflunomide Preserves Neuronal Activity and Protects Mitochondria in Brain Slices Exposed to Oxidative Stress

Teriflunomide (TFN) limits relapses in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) by reducing lymphocytic proliferation through the inhibition of the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) and the subsequent modulation of de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Alterations of mitochondrial function as a consequence of oxidative stress have been reported during neuroinflammation. Previously, we showed that TFN prevents alterations of mitochondrial motility caused by oxidative stress in peripheral axons. Here, we aimed to validate TFN effects on mitochondria and neuronal activity in hippocampal brain slices, in which cellular distribution and synaptic circuits are largely preserved. TFN effects on metabolism and neuronal activity were investigated by assessing oxygen partial pressure and local field potential in acute slices. Additionally, we imaged mitochondria in brain slices from the transgenic Thy1-CFP/COX8A)S2Lich/J (mitoCFP) mice using two-photon microscopy. Although TFN could not prevent oxidative stress-related depletion of ATP, it preserved oxygen consumption and neuronal activity in CNS tissue during oxidative stress. Furthermore, TFN prevented mitochondrial shortening and fragmentation of puncta-shaped and network mitochondria during oxidative stress. Regarding motility, TFN accentuated the decrease in mitochondrial displacement and increase in speed observed during oxidative stress. Importantly, these effects were not associated with neuronal viability and did not lead to axonal damage. In conclusion, during conditions of oxidative stress, TFN preserves the functionality of neurons and prevents morphological and motility alterations of mitochondria.     

Size-Dependent Cellular Uptake of RGD Peptides

Monomeric RGD peptides show unspecific fluid-phase uptake in cells, whereas multimeric RGD peptides are thought to be internalized by integrin-mediated endocytosis. However, a potential correlation between uptake mechanism and molecular mass has been neglected so far. A dual derivatization of peptide c(RGDw(7Br)K) was performed to investigate this. A fluorescent probe was installed by chemoselective Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of the 7-bromotryptophan and a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) linker was attached to the lysine residue. Flow cytometry and live cell imaging confirmed unspecific uptake of the small, non-PEGylated peptide, whereas the PEG₅₀₀₀ peptide conjugate unveiled a selective internalization by M21 cells overexpressing α_vβ₃ and no uptake in α_v-deficient M21L cells.     

Sustainable process design by the process to planet framework

Sustainable process design (SPD) problems combine a process design problem with life cycle assessment (LCA) to optimize process economics and life cycle environmental impacts. While SPD makes use of recent advances in process systems engineering and optimization, its use of LCA has stagnated. Currently, only process LCA is utilized in SPD, resulting in designs based on incomplete and potentially inaccurate life cycle information. To address these shortcomings, the multiscale process to planet (P2P) modeling framework is applied to formulate and solve the SPD problem. The P2P framework offers a more comprehensive analysis boundary than conventional SPD and greater modeling detail than advanced LCA methodologies. Benefits of applying this framework to SPD are demonstrated with an ethanol process design case study. Results show that current methods shift emissions outside the analysis boundary, while applying the P2P modeling framework results in environmentally superior process designs. Future extensions of the P2P framework are discussed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3320–3331, 2015