In 3 experiments, we investigated the hypothesis that age-related differences in working memory might be due to the inability to bind content with context. Participants were required to find a repeating stimulus within a single series (no context memory required) or within multiple series (necessitating memory for context). Response time and accuracy were examined in 2 task domains: verbal and visuospatial. Binding content with context led to longer processing time and poorer accuracy in both age groups, even when working memory load was held constant. Although older adults were overall slower and less accurate than young adults, the need for context memory did not differentially affect their performance. It is therefore unlikely that age differences in working memory are due to specific age-related problems with content-with-context binding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
Efficient discrimination between individuals of closely related species is important to maximize reproductive potential. Some studies using males as subjects have indicated that the medial amygdala (MeA) is involved in discrimination between odors of conspecific females and females from distantly related species. The authors investigated the involvement of the MeA in discrimination by females between odors of conspecific males and odors of males of a closely related species. The authors exposed estrous or diestrous female hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) to saline, conspecific male odors, or heterospecific (M. brandti) male odors and quantified the expression of c-fos–related antigens in the anterior and posterior MeA. They found that estrous (but not diestrous) females investigated conspecific male odors longer than heterospecific male odors. Neural activity in both the anterior and the posterior MeA was higher in estrous than in diestrous females. In the anterior MeA, there were no significant differences in response to odors of conspecific and heterospecific males. In the posterior MeA, however, neural activity was higher when estrous females were exposed to conspecific odors than when they were exposed to heterospecific odors. No such difference was observed in diestrous females. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
This study aims to investigate the influences of diffusion annealing temperatures on structural, morphological, electrical, and superconducting features of Zr surface-layered Bi-2223 ceramics. The present study also covers an in-depth understanding of correlations between disorders and transition temperatures. The Zr diffusion is carried out via an annealing process between 650 and 840 °C. The observed results depict that the Zr ions can easily diffuse into the deeper level of Bi-ceramics and possible Zr/Bi substitution has occurred due to the driving force of high thermal energy. Besides, it is found that the Zr diffusion improves the general crystallinity quantities of Bi-2223 ceramic up to 800 °C annealing temperature. In addition, better intergranular couplings with a smoother plate-like structure are extensively observed in surface morphology for the samples annealed at 800 °C. Significant refinements of both basic electrical resistivity, hole carrier densities, and critical temperatures with narrow transitions are also obtained for the Zr surface-layered Bi-2223 ceramics after the 800 °C annealing process. The obtained improvements in critical fundamental features can be attributed to the optimum pairing mechanism, best crystal structure quality, ideal Cu–O2 interlayer coupling strengths, and enhanced interaction between adjacent superconductive layers. Besides, the first-order derivative of electrical resistivity versus temperature graphs indicates that the best annealing temperature enables to triggers to stabilize the superconductivity in the homogeneous regions. It can be concluded that the Zr impurity diffusion at 800 °C is promising for the improvement in the basic features of Bi-2223 superconducting systems for future applications in superconductor technology.
Nanoparticles based on block copolymers of oligosaccharides [β-cyclodextrin (βCyD) and maltoheptaose (Mal7)] and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) were prepared by microphase inversion method. Zeta-potential, particle size measurements and morphological analysis of drug-free and drug-loaded nanoparticles were performed by using, respectively, laser-doppler anemometry, dynamic and static light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. ρ-Ratio values were correlated with transmission electron microscopy observations. Both types of amphiphilic block copolymers, βCyD-b-PCL5k and Mal7-b-PCL5k, self-assembled in water to form spherical vesicles, presented a hydrodynamic diameter of 72 and 34 nm, respectively. The incorporation of drugs into nanoparticles did not affect significantly the particle size for βCyD-b-PCL5k-based nanoparticles with progesterone, unlike the other tested systems. On the other hand, all nanoparticles (with and without drug) were negatively charged. Both nanoparticulate systems showed high drug loading efficiency (higher than 95%), confirming their suitability as delivery system for lipophilic drugs. 相似文献
The transducer characteristics of hydrophones manufactured from porous 3–3 piezocomposites are compared with dense piezoceramic disc hydrophones using finite element modelling. Due to the complex porous structure of the 3–3 piezocomposites, a real-size 3-dimensional model was developed while a 2-dimensional axisymmetric model was constructed for the simple dense disc hydrophone. The electrical impedance and receiving sensitivity of the hydrophones in water were evaluated in the frequency range 10–100 kHz. The model results were compared with the experimental results. The sharp resonance peaks observed for the dense piezoceramic hydrophone were broadened to a large extent for porous piezocomposite hydrophones due to weaker coupling of the structure. The receiving sensitivity of piezocomposite hydrophones is found to be constant over the frequency range studied. The flat frequency response suggests that the 3–3 piezocomposites are useful for wide-band hydrophone applications. 相似文献
The crystallization and sintering behaviour of a premullite powder which had been synthesized from aluminium sulphate [Al2(SO4)3· 16H2O] and colloidal silicon dioxide have been studied. Calcination of the mixture at 860 °C for 12 h gives a very active powder (surface area – 188 M2g–1) in the form of spine] and mullite forms via this spinel phase. The non-mullitized powder can be reactively sintered at 1500–1550°C to 97%–99% density in 3–5 h with a very fine microstructure. 相似文献