Moving targets, long-lived infrastructure, and increasing needs for integration and adaptation in water management: an illustration from Switzerland

Switzerland provides an example of successful management of water infrastructure and water resources that was accomplished largely without integration across sectors. Limitations in this approach have become apparent; decisions that were formerly based only on technical and economic feasibility must now incorporate broader objectives such as ecological impact. In addition, current and emerging challenges relate to increasingly complex problems that are likely to demand more integrated approaches. If such integration is to be of benefit, it must be possible to redirect resources across sectors, and the synergies derived from integration must outweigh the additional cost of increased complexity.     

Ein numerisches Verfahren zur Berechnung magnetischer Felder,insbesondere in Anordnungen mit Permanentmagneten

Übersicht Es wird ein numerisches Verfahren zur Berechnung zweidimensionaler, bzw. rotationssymmetrischer Magnetfelder in Anordnungen mit Eisenteilgebieten, Lufträumen, stromdurchflossenen Wicklungen und Permanentmagneten mittels digitaler Rechenmaschinen beschrieben.

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Contents A numerical method to calculate with digital computers twodimensional or rotationssymmetric magnet fields in devices with iron, air, currents and permanentmagnets is described.

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Anschrift des Verfassers Dr. Ing.K. Reichert, CH-5430 Wettingen, Rebhaldenstr. 10. Bis 31. 3. 1968 wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Institut für Elektrische Maschinen der Universität Stuttgart (Technische Hochschule). Direktor: Prof. Dr. Ing. habil.H. Hess, z. Z. in Fa. AG Brown, Boveri u. Cie., Baden.     

Modelling and identification of synchronous machines, a newapproach with an extended frequency range

Correct modeling of turbogenerators is difficult, as currents are flowing during transients not only in the field and damper winding but also in the solid rotor iron. To model this effect, especially at high frequencies, new model structures called ladder networks are introduced. Their parameters are identified by combining the standstill frequency response measurements with the results of the standardized three-phase no-load short-circuit test. By means of this combination the errors in the standstill frequency responses, caused by the iron nonlinearity and the contact uncertainty of the slot wedges at standstill, are expected to be reduced. Both the new ladder networks and the standard models are used to simulate disturbances for comparison. In some cases (three-phase terminal fault out-of-phase synchronization) both models yield equivalent results, but in other cases (operation after a close-up fault) the results of the two models can differ considerably     

Indications that the Cgamma2 homology region is not a regular domain

The Cgamma2 homology region of rabbit IgG does not behave like a domain. Thus, there is no trans-interaction between the two Cgamma2 regions; instead there is an unusual cis-interaction between Cgamma2 and Cgamma3 regions. The observations were made on the plasmin digestion products Facb (IgG minus the Cgamma3 region) and pFc' (Cgamma3 region), which did not dissociate under neutral conditions but dissociated in 3M guanidine solution (that is, cis-interaction between Cgamma2 and Cgamma3). The Facb fragment split into subunits with equal molecular weights under neutral conditions on partial reduction and alkylation (that is, lack of trans-interaction between the two Cgamma2 in the molecule).     

In vitro characterization of microdialysis sampling of macromolecules

Experiments were performed to characterize the in vitro collection of macromolecules using microdialysis. Fluorescently labeled proteins and dextrans ranging from 3000 to 150 000 were sampled using a 10-mm, 100 000 molecular weight cutoff, polyethersulfone microdialysis probe. Published models describing microdialysis mass transport of small molecules were examined to determine their appropriateness for sampling of macromolecules. Collection efficiencies, reported as relative recoveries, for macromolecules from 3000 to 70 000 ranged from 5 to 44%. Collection efficiencies determined for microdialysis sampling of macromolecules follow the functionality of published models, although experimental mass transport resistances are to some extent smaller than predicted. Implications of the current study for in vivo microdialysis sampling of cytokines and growth factors are discussed.