Combinatorial chemistry has proven to be a valuable tool for the development of new compounds. In the pharmaceutical industry, where combinatorial chemistry began, the approach has been instrumental in the high-speed development of new drugs. Due to the overwhelming success of the combinatorial methodology in the pharmaceutical industry, it has been recently applied to materials development. We have recently developed a combinatorial factory capable of preparing and evaluating on the order of 100 organic clear coatings in a day.
One of the most challenging aspects of the creation of the combinatorial factory was the development of the high throughput screening (HTS) methods for the primary coating properties of interest such as optical clarity, abrasion resistance, adhesion, and weatherability. For each property, an entirely new method was developed that allowed for rapid measurement of these properties on very small samples. This paper describes various aspects of the development of these novel measurement systems including the correlation of the HTS methods with conventional, industry standard measurement methods. 相似文献
Differential pressure fluctuations were studied along the wall of a laboratory scale column filled with a polyethylene resin. Air flow rates to the column were varied in order to examine the changes in wall pressure with respect to superficial gas velocity. Statistical and spectral analysis was used to study the periodic features of column wall pressure measurements in the dense region of a fluidized bed. From the analysis, it is evident that multiple flow regimes exist in the column. These flow regimes are dependent upon the height above the distributor. Results also show a significant peak developing at 1 Hz as superficial gas velocity increases. 相似文献
An ultrathin sheet-like carbon nanostructure, carbon nanosheet, has been effectively synthesized with CH4 diluted in H2 by an inductively coupled radio-frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Nanosheets were obtained without catalyst over a wide range of deposition conditions and on a variety of substrates, including metals, semiconductors and insulators. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the sheet-like structures stand on edge on the substrate and have corrugated surfaces. The sheets are 1 nm or less in thickness and have a defective graphite structure. Raman spectra show typical carbon features with D and G peaks at 1350 and 1580 cm−1, respectively. The intensity ratio of these two peaks, I(D)/I(G), increases with methane concentration or substrate temperature, indicating that the crystallinity of the nanosheets decreases. Infrared and thermal desorption spectroscopies reveal hydrogen incorporation into the carbon nanosheets. 相似文献
We describe a chip-based immunoassay for multiplex antigen detection, based on the self-assembly of semi-synthetic DNA-protein conjugates to generate an easily configurable protein microarray. The general principle of this microarray-fluorescence immunoassay (microFIA) is similar to that of a two-sided (sandwich) immunoassay. However, covalent single-stranded DNA-streptavidin conjugates are employed for the efficient immobilization of biotinylated capture antibodies through hybridization to complementary surface-bound DNA oligomers. In a model system, we use the DNA-directed immobilization (DDI) of antibodies to generate an antibody microarray for the parallel detection of the tumor marker human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), recombinant mistletoe lectin rViscumin (rVis), ceruloplasmin (CEP), and complement-1-inactivator (C1A) in human blood serum samples. Detection limits down to 400 pg mL(-1) are reached. In addition, we describe a method for the internal standardization of protein microarray analyses, based on the simultaneous measurement of constant amounts of the blood proteins CEP and C1 A, intrinsically present in human serum, to compensate for interexperimental variations usually occurring in microarray analyses. The standardization leads to a significantly higher data reliability and reproducibility in intra- and interassay measurements. We further demonstrate that the DDI-microFIA can also be carried out in a single step by tagging of the analyte simultaneously with both capture and detection antibody and subsequent immobilization of the immunocomplex formed, on the DNA microarray capture matrix. This protocol significantly reduces handling time and costs of analysis. 相似文献
Light scattering by kaolinite dust samples at 532 nm is studied using a newly developed laboratory apparatus. During the experiments, dust samples are suspended in water, aerosolized by a nebulizer, and then injected into the scattering zone, with or without going through a diffusion drier, to generate either dried dust particles or water droplets with dust inclusions. The light source is a dual wavelength (532 and 1064 nm) diode-pumped solid state laser. Light scattered by an ensemble of particles is collected by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, which is mounted on the rotating arm of a stepper motor. The stepper motor rotates the CCD to cover the scattering angle range from 3° to 177°. Polarized scattering light is measured for the horizontally and vertically polarized incident light. The apparatus is calibrated, using pure water droplets as the scattering media. The response function with respect to the scattering angle is obtained by comparing the measurements with Lorenz–Mie calculations and then used in the later data analysis. Measurements show that the backward scattering features of the water droplets are smoothened due to their dust inclusions. Numerical simulations and measurements are extensively compared and discussed. It is found that the Lorenz–Mie theory is inadequate to reproduce the scattering phase functions of either dust particles or water droplets with dust inclusions. A nonspherical aggregate model is applied to simulate the scattering phase functions. The simulation is able to reproduce the overall scattering features; however, substantial discrepancies still exist due to uncertainties in particle shape and refractive index.
Tracer tests were conducted at the 6,000 pounds of ozone per day Tucson, CAP Water Treatment Plant in Tucson, Arizona. The tests were designed to determine T10 values through the contactors at various operating conditions. The tests were modeled using three techniques. Peclet Number was calculated for each of the runs, which would indicate the hydrodynamic conditions inside the ozone contactor. The results indicated that the increase in water flow rate and the number of cells with gas flow increased Peclet Number. The flow rate of liquid seemed to impact the Peclet Number more than gas flow. The headloss in each cell appeared to be important in controlling the distribution of liquid and gas through the cell. A correlation was developed between the product of gas and liquid phase Reynolds Number and Peclet Number. 相似文献
A low-cost, nonvacuum, solution precursor route has been developed to produce epitaxial oxide buffer layers of Eu2O3 or La2Zr2O7 on biaxially textured Ni (100) tapes. A reel-to-reel continuous dip-coating unit consisting of a constant-tension tape transport system attached to a controlled atmosphere furnace was fabricated. Nickel tapes were pulled through a 2-methoxyethanol solution of europium methoxyethoxide/acetate or lanthanum zirconium methoxyethoxide. The double-sided dip-coated tapes were then annealed in a preheated furnace at 1000°–1100°C with a high flow rate of Ar/H2 (4%) gas. The dip-coated buffers were dense, continuous, crack-free, and epitaxial with a single cube texture. A critical current ( J c) of >1 MA/cm2 at 77 K and self-field was obtained for YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) films with a layer sequence of YBCO ( ex situ BaF2 process)/CeO2 (sputtered)/YSZ (sputtered)/Eu2O3 (dip-coated)/nickel. We have produced 1–2 m lengths of epitaxial buffer layers on textured nickel substrates using a nonvacuum process for the first time. 相似文献
1‐Pentene was polymerized with the syndiospecific catalyst system i‐PrC(Cp)(9‐fluorenyl)ZrCl2/MAO. The molar mass of the resulting polymers depends strongly on the reaction temperature and decreases from M̄w = 126 000 at 0°C to M̄w = 46 000 at 100°C, but is more or less independent of the monomer and the MAO concentration. The influence of reaction temperature and concentrations of MAO and monomer on the type of end‐groups generated during the chain termination, as well as on the type of stereoerror, was investigated. The degree of tacticity was dependent on the polymerization temperature with [rrrr] > 0.99 at 0°C and [rrrr] = 0.75 at 100°C. 相似文献