使简单欧姆计具备千兆欧量程的积分器

德州仪器公司(TI)的IVC102精密积分器有高质量的内部电容.图1的电路可以用来测量非常高的Rx电阻值.一只精密差分放大器(TI的INA105)为Rx施加一个基准电压.积分期间,在IVC12的输出端产生一个负电压斜坡Vo.两只LM311将Vo的振幅与两个固定阈值作比较,产生两个数字信号:开始和停止.     

Finite element response sensitivity analysis using three‐field mixed formulation: general theory and application to frame structures

This paper presents a method to compute response sensitivities of finite element models of structures based on a three‐field mixed formulation. The methodology is based on the direct differentiation method (DDM), and produces the response sensitivities consistent with the numerical finite element response. The general formulation is specialized to frame finite elements and details related to a newly developed steel–concrete composite frame element are provided. DDM sensitivity results are validated through the forward finite difference method (FDM) using a finite element model of a realistic steel–concrete composite frame subjected to quasi‐static and dynamic loading. The finite element model of the structure considered is constructed using both monolithic frame elements and composite frame elements with deformable shear connection based on the three‐field mixed formulation. The addition of the analytical sensitivity computation algorithm presented in this paper extends the use of finite elements based on a three‐field mixed formulation to applications that require finite element response sensitivities. Such applications include structural reliability analysis, structural optimization, structural identification, and finite element model updating. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A general method for small-signal circuit analysis considering thermal effects

It is well known that the behaviour of integrated circuits is strongly affected by thermal feedback. A general method for evaluating, by linear analysis, the complete circuit performance is described that considers these effects. The procedure can easily be implemented using only well known computer programs for the circuit analysis. Simple models for a number of devices (diodes, transistors and f.e.t.s) used in integrated circuits are given. Examples, using the circuit-analysis program ECAP, are shown.     

Effect of excitatory amino acid, dopamine, and oxytocin receptor antagonists on noncontact penile erections and paraventricular nitric oxide production in male rats.

In male rats, noncontact erections occur concomitantly with an increase in NO?- and NO?- in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). In the present study, both responses were reduced by the blockade of PVN excitatory amino acid receptors by dizocilpine, (+)-MK-801(1 and 5 μg), but not by 6-cyano-7-nitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (5 μg) or (±)-2-amino-4-phosphono-butanoic acid (5 μg). Also ineffective when injected into the PVN were the dopamine antagonists SCH 23390 (5 μg), S(+)-raclopride (10 μg), and cis-flupenthixol (10 μg), and the oxytocin antagonist d(CH?)?Tyr(Me)2-Orn?-vasotocin (1 μg). However, when the last was given into the lateral ventricles, it reduced noncontact erections without modifying NO?- and NO?- increases. These results suggest that excitatory amino acid transmission increases in the PVN during noncontact erections. This may contribute to increased NO production in the PVN, and it may activate oxytocin neurons mediating this sexual response. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Voltage Division Position Sensitive Detectors Based on Photoconductive Materials Part II: Device Performances and Experimental Results

This second section is dedicated to gain more insight into the Voltage Division Position Sensitive Detector described in Part I of this work. Here, the discussion is taken from a design point of view. The linearity and rejection to light intensity variations are described on the practical situation of an incident light beam whose cross sectional dimensions could be negligible to the length of the sensor active area. The noise contribution due to the resistive nature of the detector is taken into account and discussed, too. According to the ideas here depicted, a sensor based on high-quality CVD-diamond film has been fabricated. The experimental results acquired for such specimens, under UV excimer laser or X-ray illumination, confirm the theoretical expectations.     

Modal Identification Study of Vincent Thomas Bridge Using Simulated Wind-Induced Ambient Vibration Data

Abstract:   In this article, wind-induced vibration response of Vincent Thomas Bridge, a suspension bridge located in San Pedro near Los Angeles, California, is simulated using a detailed three-dimensional finite element model of the bridge and a state-of-the-art stochastic wind excitation model. Based on the simulated wind-induced vibration data, the modal parameters (natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes) of the bridge are identified using the data-driven stochastic subspace identification method. The identified modal parameters are verified by the computed eigenproperties of the bridge model. Finally, effects of measurement noise on the system identification results are studied by adding zero-mean Gaussian white noise processes to the simulated response data. Statistical properties of the identified modal parameters are investigated under an increasing level of measurement noise. The framework presented in this article will allow us to investigate the effects of various realistic damage scenarios in long-span cable-supported (suspension and cable-stayed) bridges on changes in modal identification results. Such studies are required to develop robust and reliable vibration-based structural health monitoring methods for this type of bridge, which is a long-term research objective of the authors.     

GLRT-based adaptive detection algorithms for range-spread targets

We address adaptive detection of a range-spread target or targets embedded in Gaussian noise with unknown covariance matrix. To this end, we assume that cells (referred to in the following as secondary data) that are free of signal components are available. Those secondary data are supposed to possess either the same covariance matrix or the same structure of the covariance matrix of the cells under test. In this context, we design detectors relying on the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) and on a two-step GLRT-based design procedure. Remarkably, both criteria lead to receivers ensuring the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) property with respect to the unknown quantities. A thorough performance assessment of the proposed detection strategies, together with the evaluation of their processing cost, highlights that the two-step design procedure is to be preferred with respect to the plain GLRT. In fact, the former leads to detectors that achieve satisfactory performance under several situations of practical interest and are simpler to implement than those designed resorting to the latter     

Simplified analysis of cantilever diaphragm walls in cohesive soils

In this paper, a method is presented for a simplified analysis of cantilever diaphragm walls in cohesive soils under undrained and drained conditions. A rectilinear distribution of the net contact stresses that are not completely predetermined by the limit state is assumed at the soil-wall interface, consistently with the mechanism usually experienced by these structures. Simple equations are derived to readily calculate the contact stress distribution on the wall and the associated internal forces in the ultimate and service conditions. Moreover, these equations require few parameters as input data. Comparisons are carried out with a limit equilibrium method commonly used in design to show the usefulness of the proposed method for practical purposes.     

Synthesis and Surface Properties Characterization of Perfluoroalkylated Oligo(oxyethylene)glycols

A series of perfluoroalkylated oligo(oxyethylene) glycols as non-ionic fluorinated surfactants was prepared. The synthesis was performed by adding a molecule of a oligo(oxyethylene)glycol of the general formula HO(CH₂CH₂O)_nOH (n = 1, 2, 4, 6.4, 22.3) to 2-(perfluorooctylmethyl) oxirane in the presence of catalytic amounts of a Lewis acid. This procedure led to the formation of an amphiphilic molecule characterized by an hydrophobic lipophobic perfluorinated tail and hydrophilic non-ionic oligo(oxyethylene)chain. Infra red spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy allowed the chemical characterization of the synthesized compounds to be made. Critical micellar concentration, surface tension, interfacial tension and cloud point measurements carries out on aqueous solutions allowed us to evaluate the surface and interfacial properties of the perfluoroalkylated oligo(oxyethylene)glycols. In addition, surface pressure-area (π, A) diagrams allowed us to determine the principal parameters characterizing the state of their monolayers. The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of the hydrophilic chain length on physical and surface properties.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of soil and olives collected in areas contaminated with creosote released from old railway ties

Simple sample preparation procedures involving sonication and solid phase extraction (SPE), followed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrofluorometric detection, were used to analyse polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and olives collected in areas contaminated with creosote-treated railway ties. Very high PAH contents (with amounts ranging from 114.7 to 2157.2 and from 167.3 to 3121.8 microg kg(-1) dry weight for total light PAHs and total heavy PAHs, respectively) were found in soil sampled up to 1 m from the source of contamination. The PAH load decreased rapidly with the distance from the railway ties. High amounts of light PAHs, up to 6359.9 microg kg(-1), were also found in oil extracted from olives collected in a rural area where old railway ties were stored. No appreciable transfer of heavy PAHs and benzo[a]pyrene was observed in oil samples.