THE CURRENT DISTRIBUTION IN THROUGH-HOLE ELECTRODEPOSITION.II: TERTIARY CURRENT DISTRIBUTION

Tertiary current distribution was computed on both the inside and the outside surfaces of a through-hole during electrodeposition. Experiments were conducted in copper deposition at two different copper sulfate solutions. Results were compared with the theoretical calculation.     

Degradation Kinetics of Chlorophylls and Chlorophyllides

Thermal degradation of chlorophylls and chlorophyllides in spinach puree was studied from 100 to 145°C (2–25 min) for chlorophylls and from 80 to 115°C (2.5–39 min) for chlorophyllides. The derivatives formed were: pheophorbides, pyropheophorbides, pheophytins and pyropheophytins. Degradation kinetics of chlorophylls and chlorophyllides followed a first-order kinetic model. Reaction rate data showed that the a form of both chlorophylls and chlorophyllides degraded more rapidly than the b form. Chlorophyllides were less stable than chlorophylls. Activation energies ranged from 15.0 to 22.8 Kcal/mol. A kinetic compensation effect was observed for both chlorophylls and chlorophyllides with an isokinetic temperature of 160.8°C. The relative stability of these compounds suggests that methods to maximize chlorophyllides would not be effective for improving green color stability.     

Direct contact membrane inoculation of yeasts and moulds for evaluating preservative efficacy in solid cosmetics

A direct contact membrane inoculation technique for yeasts and moulds was used to evaluate the preservation efficacy and antimicrobial activity of Germall 115 and Germall II in pressed eye shadows. Test organisms on membrane filters were placed in direct contact with cosmetics at room temperature under humid conditions. Growth on membranes was removed daily, or as appropriate, and cultured on potato dextrose agar containing lecithin and Tween 80. Linear regression analysis was used to determine product preservation efficacy. Average D values of 1 and 3 days for Candida albicans American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 10231 and 17 and 29 days for Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 were obtained on two eye shadows we prepared (in-house eye shadows) with parabens and either Germall II or Germall 115 as preservatives. A decimal reduction time (D value) of 6–7 days was calculated for the yeast on a commercial eye shadow preserved with parabens and Germall 115. A. niger multiplied on six of seven replicates of this commercial product to attain a nearly 3 log₁₀ increase in 20 days. On one replicate, A. niger showed a 1 log₁₀ increase in the first 10 days, and then decreased linearly (r =— 0.95) to <10 colony-forming units per membrane by day 24. The method used with C. albicans and A. niger was then used with bacteria. The method was sensitive enough to differentiate the antimicrobial activity of the Germall 115 and Germall II against fungi but not against bacteria. The in-house and commercial products were preserved most effectively against the three bacteria tested and least effectively against the mould.     

INFUSION OF CITRUS FRUIT PEEL BY LOW-PRESSURE FLUID INJECTION USING A SELF-SEALING NOZZLE

Removal of citrus peel is facilitated by infusion of water into the peel. A low-pressure fluid injection (LPFI) technique was developed to improve infusion efficacy. Water under low pressure (340 to 1700 mbar) was forced through an opening formed near the equator of the fruit. The water spread uniformly throughout the albedo before exiting through an additional hole made on the opposite side of the fruit. Increasing pressure and flow rate reduced injection time, but excessive levels created high internal pressures that occasionally caused peels to rupture. A rubber bulb with an orifice at the tip created a nozzle that produced a water-tight interface with the fruit during injection.     

Effect of Bisulfite on Lobster Shell Phenoloxidase

The role of bisulfite inhibition on the phenoloxidase (PO) catalyzed melanosis reaction in lobster was investigated. Bisulfite appears to inhibit melanosis by two mechanisms: (1) by reacting with intermediate quinones in the melanosis reaction, forming sulfoquinones, and (2) by irreversibly reacting with PO causing complete inactivation. The first mechanism is important because intermediate quinones (do-pachrome) are the chroma for spectrophotometric analysis of PO activity.     

Atmospheric attenuation and scattering determined from multiheight multispectrat scanner imagery

Multispectral imagery was obtained at six altitudes from 500 to 3000 m over a single site on a hazy day. At each altitude, digital values— proportional to radiance—were averaged over selected areas on the ground. The effect of scattering was eliminated by taking differences between areas and the attenuation coefficient determined from the change with altitude. Values ranged from 0.1 km^?1 in the near-infrared to 0.3km^?1 in the blue wavebands. The scattering was determined by applying these coefficients to the original data. In all bands the scattering profile varied considerably with height with a peak in the 1000-1500m layer. This peak corresponded to a layer of high humidity found in the radiosonde data and suggests the presence of hygroscopic aerosol. The airborne data were extrapolated to the ground and were calibrated by reference to a reflectance measurement at the surface. It is proposed that such multiheight techniques could be used as a means of correcting for atmospheric effects in applications of remote sensing where radiometric fidelity is important,     

CES:好东西太多了……

拉斯维加斯消费电子大展(CES)是领略消费电子市场最新及未来科技奇迹的最佳去处.找出最有意思的东西是个困难的过程,但幸运的是,iSuppli公司替你做了这件累人的活,确定了未来一年你应该关注的东西.     

Assessing the transient impact of lot sizing rules following MRP implementation

This paper examines the impact of four commonly used lot sizing rules upon the performance of a production control system, in the context of an MRP implementation. Using Time Series Intervention Analysis (TSIA), it is shown that the choice of lot sizing rule can have a significant effect upon the transient response shown by the production system. Furthermore, this paper illustrates the use of a TSIA as a procedure for examining problems involving the implementation of MRP.     

Allocating buffer storages in a pull system

This report proposes a method of estimating the amount of safety stock needed in each station of a production line due to variation in processing times, machine breakdowns and demand fluctuation in order to meet a predetermined desired level of performance. The production line is assumed to operate as a pull system and the measure of performance is the average percentage of demand backlogged. Multiple machines and different batch sizes in the stations are included in the model. Dynamic production control is used and is based on the current inventory level in every station of the system. Simulation results are used to test the performance of the system in which the maximum inventory level allowed in each station is based on the estimation given by our method.