India has a large poor population in spite of having a steady economic growth. Supply of centralized grid power to remote villages of India is not feasible due to adverse topography and poor economic condition of the villagers. To supply the reliable power at a minimum cost including penalty due to carbon dioxide emission, a suitable decentralized energy combination using locally available resources may be a better sustainable solution. The economy of such a hybrid energy supply system significantly depends on storage devices and dispatch strategies. Therefore, selection of appropriate storage devices and dispatch strategy need to be optimized based on available local resources. In this study, the comparative analysis of techno-economic factors for five different storage devices (lead acid battery, lithium-ion battery, vanadium redox battery, zinc bromide battery and pumped hydro energy storage) are studied under two different dispatch strategies, i.e., Load Following and Cycle Charging. The estimated cost of energy and net present cost of the recommended optimum combined energy system are in the range of US$0.197/kWh–US$0.453/kWh and US$3,62,384–US$5,76,369, respectively. The cost of energy, net present cost and carbon dioxide emission for the selected energy generators combination with the zinc bromide battery is 48.964–56.512%, 24.149–32.147% and 43.419–55.865% lower than other storage-based energy systems, respectively. The abovementioned economic and environmental factors are lower by 34.113, 10.489 and 31.094%, respectively, under Load Following dispatch strategy with respect to the Cycle Charging dispatch strategy for the optimum energy combination with zinc bromide battery.
Conventional methods employed for machining flame cut surfaces of alloy steel castings present many difficulties, mainly breakage of tool tips which makes the process uneconomical. In this paper D.L. Pramanik and A. Chattopadhyay have chosen the electrochemical (ec) method to machine these surfaces. The present work has been designed to deal with the problem in such a way so as to be useful for a broad spectrum of applications. Efforts have been made to select the optimum electrolyte and operating conditions to produce low overcut and a good surface finish 相似文献
In this article a Substrate Integrated Non Radiative Dielectric Guide (SINRD) has been realized with the concept of substrate integration circuits. In SINRD, a specific pattern of air holes have been used grooved in a dielectric substrate to reduce the effective dielectric constant of a particular region. Accordingly, design and implementation of SINRD guides and its applications in millimeter wave subsystems have been investigated by using published literatures. Thereby the concept has been utilized to develop an optimized design flow of SINRD transmission line. Design has been carried out at W band (85–110 GHz) on a high dielectric constant substrate and subsequently dispersion characteristics has been studied subject to transmitted and radiated field configuration.
Microsystem Technologies - This paper presents the design of a miniaturized coupled-line bandpass filter centered at 5.25 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 20% for wireless local area... 相似文献
Struvite crystals were precipitated by the reaction of magnesium chloride hexahydrate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate using different concentrations of citric acid as the additive (100, 300, and 500 ppm). The structure, morphology, functional groups and particle size of the crystals were evaluated experimentally by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and particle size analysis. The experimental results demonstrated that citric acid exerted a significant influence on the struvite precipitation and the crystal morphology changed from rod-like to tubular shaped with a larger size and hollow bodies. The average particle size changed from 17.60 to 33.60 μm with increasing citric acid concentration. The results of FTIR suggested that the citric acid adsorbed on the crystal surface. Following the characterization of the crystals prepared using different concentrations of citric acid, the response surface methodology coupled with Box-Behnken design were applied as a statistical tool to determine the effects of the key parameters affecting the precipitation process (temperature, pH and additive concentration) on the responses (namely, particle size and specific cake resistance of struvite). Second-order polynomial equations for both responses were improved to correlate the parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant quadratic regression model with high coefficients of the determination values. The optimum conditions for particle size were found to be 60 °C, pH 8 and 500 ppm additive concentration. 相似文献
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window (1000–1700 nm) holds great promise for deep‐tissue diagnosis due to the reduced light scattering and minimized tissue absorption; however, exploration of such a noninvasive imaging technique is greatly constrained by the lack of biodegradable NIR‐II absorbing agents. Herein, the first series of metabolizable NIR‐II PA agents are reported based on semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs). Such completely organic nanoagents consist of π‐conjugated yet oxidizable optical polymer as PA generator and hydrolyzable amphiphilic polymer as particle matrix to provide water solubility. The obtained SPNs are readily degraded by myeloperoxidase and lipase abundant in phagocytes, transforming from nonfluorescent nanoparticles (30 nm) into NIR fluorescent ultrasmall metabolites (≈1 nm). As such, these nanoagents can be effectively cleared out via both hepatobiliary and renal excretions after systematic administration, leaving no toxicity to living mice. Particularly these nanoagents possess high photothermal conversion efficiencies and emit bright PA signals at 1064 nm, enabling sensitive NIR‐II PA imaging of both subcutaneous tumor and deep brain vasculature through intact skull in living animals at a low systematic dosage. This study thus provides a generalized molecular design toward organic metabolizable semiconducting materials for biophotonic applications in NIR‐II window. 相似文献
International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems - In the present work, an embedded PI controller is designed for speed regulation of DC servomotor over a wireless network. The embedded... 相似文献
We present single‐step‐co‐sintering manufacture of a planar single‐chamber solid oxide fuel cell (SC‐SOFC) with porous multilayer structures consisting of NiO/CGO, CGO and CGO‐LSCF as anode, electrolyte, and cathode, respectively. Their green tapes were casted with 20 μm thickness and stacked into layers of anode, electrolyte, and cathode (10:2:2), then hot‐pressed at 2 MPa and 60°C for 5 minutes (deemed optimal). Subsequently, hot laminated layers were cut into 40 × 40 mm cells and co‐sintered up to 1200°C via different sintering profiles. Shrinkage behavior and curvature developments of cells were characterized, determining the best sintering profile. Hence, anode‐supported SC‐SOFCs were fabricated via a single‐step co‐sintering process, albeit with curvature formation at edges. Subsequently, anode thickness was increased to 800 μm and electrolyte reduced to 20 μm to obtain SOFCs with drastically reduced curvature with the help of a porous alumina cover plate. 相似文献
Boron modified silicon oxycarbides (SiBOCs) were prepared from sol–gel derived pre-ceramic polymeric gels followed by pyrolysis at 950 °C under nitrogen. As-prepared SiBOC was found to be amorphous in nature and partially crystallized to SiO2 at 1500 °C. The effect of boron incorporation on the crystallization of SiBOC was studied and the result revealed that the tendency to crystallization decreased with increasing boron content. This is due to the formation of Si–O–B bridges at higher temperatures, which retards the crystallization of SiO2, evidenced from FTIR studies. SiBOC also exhibited excellent oxidation resistance ability at high temperature. 相似文献