Dietary patterns vs. dietary recommendations: Identifying the gaps for complex carbohydrate

Dietary guidelines of the U.S. and Canada recommend that 55% of dietary calories of individuals should come from carbohydrates, especially complex carbohydrates. However, they generally fail to describe how much should come from complex carbohydrates. Undoubtedly, this is because of confusion about the composition of complex carbohydrate foods and incomplete knowledge of the health benefits of all components of grain products. With the intent of shifting dietary food selection to increase carbohydrate consumption above the current 46% of calories, food guides recommend 5 to 12 servings per day from grain products. Current estimated intake for adults is between four to five servings of grain products, of which less than one is from whole grain, in an average 2000‐kcal adult diet. To follow the advice of the U.S. Food Guide Pyramid, which suggests half the bread (grains) group should be whole‐grain products, adult Americans should increase their intake of whole‐grain products four‐ to fivefold and double their intake of total grain products.     

Evaluation of capital cost data: Liquid moving equipment

Capital cost correlations are given for liquid moving equipment. Correlations available in the literature and current data from suppliers, contractors, consultants and industry are compared on a consistent basis. Forty-three graphs show the relative magnitudes of the different correlations, and the recommended correlation for each type of equipment is given. Some factors are given on the costs of installing liquid moving equipment.     

SEMANOL (73) a metalanguage for programming the semantics of programming languages

Summary SEMANOL is a practical programming system for writing readable formal specifications of the syntax and semantics of programming languages. SEMANOL is based on a theory of semantics which embraces algorithmic (operational) and extensional (input/output) semantics. Specifications for large contemporary languages have been constructed in the formal language, SEMANOL (73), which is a readable high-level notation. A SEMANOL (73) specification can be executed (by an existing interpreter program); when given a program from the specified language, and its input, the execution of the SEMANOL (73) specification produces the program's output. The demonstrated executability of SEMANOL (73) provides important practical advantages. This paper includes discussions of the theory of semantics underlying SEMANOL, the syntax and semantics of the SEMANOL (73) language, the use of the SEMANOL (73) language in the SEMANOL method for describing programming languages, and the contrast between the Vienna definition method (VDL) and SEMANOL.     

Distribution of reading time when questions are asked about a restricted category of text information.

43 undergraduates read a text either with or without inserted questions. Although there was no overall reading time difference between the question or no-question groups, Ss who received inserted questions spent more time on the parts of the text that contained information of the type needed to answer the questions. Question groups performed better, relative to controls, on posttest items that repeated inserted questions and also on new posttest items from the same categories as the inserted questions. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The lymph nodes of the porta hepatis

The area under the liver was dissected in 27 human autopsy specimens to search for lymph nodes in the fissures. Nodes were present in all instances. They were in the transverse fissure, posterior to the portal vein, posterior to pars transversus of the left portal vein and associated with the left hepatic artery. The size varied from 2 millimeters to 2 centimeters. Each node was histologically confirmed. Nodes were infrequent and small on the right. Nodes were not found between the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile ducts in the fissures. Nodes were found outside the fissures in the fascia between the bile duct and hepatic artery. Occlusion of the portal vein and hepatic artery could be expected before occlusion of the bile duct. Node enlargement in the transverse fissure is anticipated as a rare cause of jaundice.     

Effect of charcoal-broiled beef on phenacetin metabolism in man

When charcoal-broiled beef was fed to human volunteers, who were then given phenacetin orally, the concentration of phenacetin in the plasma was lowered, but its half-life in the plasma was not changed. The data suggest that feeding charcoal-broiled beef enhances the metabolism of orally administered phenacetin in the intestine or during its first pass through the liver, or both.     

Echo Performance of TV Transmitting Systems

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the performance ormance of the voltage standing-waveratio (VSWR) and 0.25 ?RF pulse technique when measuring the echo performance of TV transmitting systems. In order to do so, the specifications devised by D. J. Whythe for the ghost-free operation of such systems were used. The conclusion reached is that neither the VSWR nor the 0.25 ?s RF pulse techniques are adequate. Another method using a long RF pulse is suggested and shown to be very accurate.     

How functional measurement can yield validated interval scales of mental quantities.

Functional measurement provides simple methods for measuring mental quantities on equal-interval scales. The essential logic of functional measurement is illustrated for the linear model, which might apply to product attractiveness, and for the multiplying model, which might apply to work performance. These algebraic models are viewed as mathematical functions that determine how the stimulus cues are integrated into a unitary judgment. The logic of functional measurement rests on using these integration functions as the base and frame for psychological measurement. If factorial design can be used, then the analyses may require no more than a graph of the raw data. Functional measurement is compared to magnitude estimation and to paired-comparison scaling, and various methodological problems are discussed. Eight experiments on algebraic models are summarized to illustrate and give empirical support to the functional measurement approach. These experiments are part of an extensive research program that indicates that much of human judgment follows a general cognitive algebra. (55 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)