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991.
S G?r?g M Babják G Balogh J Brlik F Dravecz M Gazdag P Horváth A Laukó K Varga 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,18(4-5):511-525
Due to the varied reactions leading to the 3-oxo group in steroids and the reactivity of its environment, a large number of impurities related to this group are formed during the reaction steps and the degradation studies. In this paper the experiences from the authors laboratory with the 3-oxo-related impurities in 19-nor-4-ene-3-oxosteroids (norgestrel, norethisterone, nandrolone, its esters and Nestorone) as well as corticosteroids (prednisolone, mazipredone, etc) are presented. The impurities include saturated 3-ones, 1-ene-3-ones, 5(10)-ene-3-ones, 3-deoxo and 3-ethinyl-3,5-diene derivatives, 6-ene, 8(14)-ene, 6,8(14)-diene, 6-hydroxy (alpha and beta), 10beta-hydroxy and 6-one derivatives in 4-ene-3-oxosteroids and 8(9)-ene, 9(11)-ene, 11alpha-hydroxy, 11-oxo and 4-ene-3-one derivatives in 11beta-hydroxy-1,4-diene-3-oxosteroids. The chromatographic, spectroscopic and hyphenated techniques used in this study include TLC, GC, HPLC with diode array UV detector, GC-MS, LC-MS and NMR methods. 相似文献
992.
993.
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995.
Alireza Montazeri Behzad Akbari Mohammed Ghanbari 《Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications》2012,5(3):257-278
P2P video streaming networks are found as a scalable solution and an alternative for traditional client–server based video
streaming over the Internet. One of the significant issues affecting the success of any P2P streaming network is cooperation
between peers. Practical observations have proved the prevalence of free riders in P2P networks that degrade their performance.
To solve this problem, using incentive mechanisms, which encourage peers to contribute more in the network, is necessary.
In this paper, we designed and proposed a distributed and scalable incentive mechanism for mesh based P2P video streaming
networks. In the proposed approach the contribution of the peers is measured and maintained in a distributed fashion. Furthermore,
we proposed an incentive sending side scheduler in which peers are served based on their contribution in the network. Our
simulation evaluations show the efficiency of the proposed approach in improving the overall perceived video quality by the
non-free rider nodes and consequently in the whole network. 相似文献
996.
Mohammed Hawa Jamal S. Rahhal Dia I. Abu-Al-Nadi 《Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications》2012,5(3):279-291
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) traffic has increased rapidly over the past few years, with file sharing providing the main drive behind
such traffic. In this work we perform a measurement study of the content shared over the popular BitTorrent P2P file sharing
network. We mathematically model the file size distributions of shared files after categorizing them into Audio, Video, Archive
and CD image classes. For each of these categories we look into the most popular shared file formats and investigate their
file size statistics. This provides an important milestone to building a realistic simulation framework for P2P systems, and
for future analytical modeling of P2P networks. 相似文献
997.
D. Cenk Erdil 《Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications》2012,5(3):219-230
Resource scheduling in large-scale distributed systems, such as grids and clouds, is difficult due to the size, dynamism,
and volatility of resources. These resources are eclectic and autonomous, and may exhibit different usage policies, levels
of participation, capabilities, local load, and reliability. Moreover, applications are likely to exhibit various patterns
and levels, and distributed resources may organize into various different overlay topologies for information and query dissemination.
Researchers have proposed a wide variety of approaches and policies for mapping offered load onto resources and for solving
the various component parts of the scheduling problem. However, production clouds and grids may be underutilized, and may
not exhibit the load to effectively characterize all of the scheduling system inputs. The composition of large-scale systems
is also changing, potentially to include more individual and peer-to-peer resources. These factors will influence the effectiveness
of proposed scheduling solutions. Therefore, a simulation environment is necessary to study different approaches under different
scenarios, especially those that are expected, but that are not currently characteristic of existing systems. This article
describes a general-purpose peer-to-peer simulation environment that allows a wide variety of parameters, protocols, strategies
and policies to be varied and studied. To provide a proof of concept, utilization of the simulation environment is presented
in a large-scale distributed system problem that includes a core model and related mechanisms. In particular, this article
presents a definition and possible peer-to-peer solutions for the large-scale scheduling problem. Moreover, this article describes
a general simulation model, some policies that can be varied, an implementation, and some sample results. 相似文献
998.
A super-peer semantic network defines the semantic groups that client peers and their super peers use to connect with each
other according to the semantic similarity of shared documents in peers. This will result in a query that can be evaluated
locally thus reducing query process time and the amount of communication required to obtain related data. In this study, new
algorithms are proposed to arrange shared documents in peers into hierarchical cluster tree structures, and links will be
set up to connect semantically related super peers. During query evaluation, only related peers will be searched thus the
complexity of computing is significantly reduced. Consideration is also given to automatically deciding the threshold for
clustering and the construction and other essential operations for hierarchical cluster trees. The experiment results illustrate
the features of the approach developed in this study. 相似文献
999.
Eslami Vahideh Ashofteh Parisa-Sadat Golfam Parvin Loáiciga Hugo A. 《Water Resources Management》2021,35(12):4085-4110
Water Resources Management - Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) of development projects are necessary to minimize negative impacts and maximize benefits. The objective of this paper is to... 相似文献
1000.
The dependence of the magnetic momentm obtained from the hysteresis loops on the speed of the magnetic field sweep
=dH
ext/dt is explained on the basis of Anderson's interpretation of the magnetic flux creep. In addition, a phenomenological model is suggested which predicts a linear dependence ofm on ln
with the slope m/ ln
, numerically equal to the relaxation rate m/ ln(t) from the usual magnetic relaxation. Such linear relations betweenm and ln
were observed experimentally in single crystals of YBaCuO. Preliminary experiments on the complementary time dependent relaxation ofm after a simulated step change ofH
ext gave mostly relaxation rates close to the predicted values. The model here presented also enables one to compare the critical state in the superconductor at a field sweep rate
with the critical state at some timet
eff after a step change ofH
ext. The values of
analyzed in our experiments actually correspond to the critical state at timest
eff between0.04 and4 sec after an imaginary large step change ofH
ext. 相似文献