Greenhouse Gas Emissions Driven by the Transportation of Goods Associated with French Consumption

The transportation of goods plays a significant role in the overall greenhouse gas emissions from consumption. This study investigates the connections between French household consumption and production and transportation-related emissions throughout product supply chains. Here a two-region, environmentally extended input-output model is combined with a novel detailed, physical-unit transportation model to examine the connection between product, location of production, choice of transport mode, and greenhouse gas emissions. Total emissions associated with French household consumption are estimated to be 627 MtCO2e, or 11 tCO2e per capita. Of these, 3% are associated with the transportation of goods within France and 10% with transport of goods outside or into France. We find that most transport originating in northern Europe is by road, whereas most transport from other regions is conducted by sea and ocean transport. Rail, inland water, and air transportation play only a minor role in terms of mass, tonne-kilometers, and greenhouse gas emissions. By product, transport of coal and coke and intermediate goods make the largest contribution to overall freight transport emissions associated with French household consumption. In terms of mass, most goods are transported by road while in terms of tonne-kilometers, sea and ocean transport plays the largest role. Road transport contributes the highest share to the transport of all goods with the exceptions of coal and coke and petroleum. We examine the potential for emissions reductions associated with shifting 10% of direct imports by air freight to sea and ocean or road transport and find that the potential reductions are less than 0.03% of total emissions associated with French consumption. We also consider shifting 10% of direct imports by road transport to rail or inland water and find potential reductions on the order of 0.4?0.5% of the total or 3?4% of the freight transport emissions associated with French consumption. The greatest reductions are achieved by shifting from road transport to rail or inland water for direct imports from northern European countries. This suggests a potential environmental benefit associated with improving rail and inland water infrastructures in Europe.     

Radical dependence of the yields of methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone from the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene under NO(x)-free conditions

Formation yields of methacrolein (MAC), methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), and 3-methyl furan (3MF) from the hydroxyl radical (OH) initiated oxidation of isoprene were investigated under NO(x)-free conditions (NO(x) = NO + NO(2)) at 50 °C and 1 atm in a quartz reaction chamber coupled to a mass spectrometer. Yields of the primary products were measured at various OH and hydroperoxy (HO(2)) radical concentrations and were found to decrease as the HO(2)-to-isoprene-based peroxy radical (ISORO(2)) concentration ratio increases. This is likely the result of a competition between ISORO(2) self- and cross-reactions that lead to the formation of the primary products, with reactions between these peroxy radicals and HO(2) which can lead to the formation of peroxides. Under conditions with HO(2)/ISORO(2) ratios close to 0.1, yields of MVK (15.5% ± 1.4%) and MAC (13.0% ± 1.2%) were higher than the yields of MVK (8.9% ± 0.9%) and MAC (10.9% ± 1.1%) measured under conditions with HO(2)/ISORO(2) ratios close to 1. This radical dependence of the yields was reproduced reasonably well by an explicit model of isoprene oxidation, suggesting that the model is able to reproduce the observed products yields under a realistic range of atmospheric HO(2)/ISORO(2) ratios.     

Flow scheduling and endpoint rate control in GridNetworks

In grid networks, distributed resources, computing or storage elements as well as scientific instruments are interconnected to support computing-intensive and data-intensive applications. To facilitate the efficient scheduling of these resources, we propose to manage the movements of massive data set between them. This paper formulates the bulk data transfer scheduling problem and presents an optimal solution to minimize the network congestion factor of a dedicated network or an isolated traffic class. The solution satisfying individual flows’ time and volume constraints can be found in polynomial time and expressed as a set of multi-interval bandwidth allocation profiles. To ensure a large-scale deployment of this approach, we propose, for the data plane, a combination of a bandwidth profile enforcement mechanism with traditional transport protocols. The paper examines several solutions for implementing such a mechanism in a Linux kernel. The experimental evaluation shows that packet pacing performed at IP level offers a simple yet valuable and TCP-compatible solution for accurate bandwidth profile enforcement at very high speed.     

Effect of superimposed uniaxial stress on rumpling of platinum-modified nickel aluminide coatings

Thermal cycling of a platinum modified, nickel aluminide (Ni,Pt)Al coated single crystal superalloy, between 1000 and 1150 °C with 10 min holds at each temperature, and subject to a compressive uniaxial stress is reported. There are two major effects of the superimposed compressive stress not observed in the absence of the stress. One is that the rumpling pattern exhibits an asymmetry with an increase of the bond coat surface roughness perpendicular to the applied loading axis. The other is the formation of cracks in the thermally grown oxide aligned parallel to the stress axis.     

Biosynthesis of [14C]-11-De-O-Methyltomaymycin,a Precursor of Radiolabelled Antibody Drug Conjugates

Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are one of the most promising technologies to treat cancer as they combine the specificity of an antibody with the high potency of a cytotoxic molecule such as tomaymycin derivatives, which are DNA-interactive antitumor antibiotics previously isolated from bacterial broth. The multistep chemical synthesis of some tomaymycin derivatives is complicated because their structures contain a reactive imine bond. Therefore, we turned to biosynthesis to obtain ¹⁴C radiolabelled tomaymycin derivative to support ADME studies. Following Hurley's work (J. Antibiotics 1977 , 30, 349–370; Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1979 , 15, 42–45; Acc. Chem. Res. 1980 , 13, 263–269), the ¹⁴C radiolabel was incorporated efficiently in one step from radiolabelled tyrosine using the strain Streptomyces sp. FH6421. This process has been further optimized by using anthranilic acid as radiolabelled precursor, leading to one of the highest incorporation levels of radiochemical precursors published to date. This biosynthetic strategy is the fastest way to access such radiolabelled precursors.