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51.
J. S. Abichandani J. H. Wieland Y. T. Shah D. C. Cronauer 《American Institute of Chemical Engineers》1984,30(2):295-303
The liquefaction kinetics of Powhatan No.5 mine coal (Pittsburgh Seam) in the presence of SRC-II recycle solvent at short contact times (<10 min) and temperature and pressure ranges of 573–723 K and 10.3–13.8 MPa is examined in a well-mixed reactor. In the initial stages of liquefaction, while overall coal conversion (tetrahydrofuran solubles) increases with temperature, oil (pentane solubles) is lost with an increase in temperature. An increase in solvent-to-coal ratio results in an increase of conversion. The initial coal particle size distribution, total pressure, and nature of gas phase (nitrogen or hydrogen) have no significant effect on the production of any of the product of liquefaction for contact times up to 10 min. A lumped kinetic model is presented to describe the product distribution. 相似文献
52.
Supported 12-tungstophosphoricacid (12-TPA) and 12-tunstosilicicacid (12-TSA) were used as heterogeneous catalysts for liquid-phase
tert-butylation of m-cresol, an industrial important reaction. Alkylation reactions have been carried out with supported 12-TPA by varying different
parameters such as % loading of 12-tungstophosphoricacid onto support, mole ratio of alcohol to m-cresol, reaction temperature, amount of the catalyst, reaction time and calcination temperature to optimize the conditions.
To see the effect of the acidity on the reaction, the same reaction was studied over supported 12-TSA. Both the catalysts
give 100% selectivity for o-isomer with different % conversion. The difference in catalyst performance of both the catalyst
was correlated with the value of total acidity as well as Bronsted acidity. 相似文献
53.
Multiphase reactors involving gas, liquid, and solid phases have several important applications in the chemical industry, particularly in catalytic processes. Some of the well-known examples are: hydrogenation and oxidation of organic compounds, hydro-processing coal-derived and petroleum oils, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and methanation reactions. Due to the presence of three phases, the problem of reactor design is often important to achieve effective mass and heat transfer as well as a mixing pattern favorable to the particular process. The reactors are mainly of two types: (a) solid catalyst is suspended either by mechanical agitation or gas-induced agitation and (b) solid catalyst is in a fixed bed with concurrent or countercurrent feed of gas and liquid re-actants. The reactor types conventionally used in industry are: (a) mechanically agitated or bubble column slurry reactors and (b) trickle-bed or packed-bed bubble reactor. The various design and modeling aspects of these reactors have been reviewed by Satterfield [1], Chaudhari and Ramachandran [2], Shah [3,4], Ramachandran and Chaudhari [5], Shah et al. [6], and Herskowitz and Smith [7]. In several industrial processes these reactor designs are modified to achieve a certain specific objective, such as better heat or mass transfer, higher catalyst efficiency, better reactor performance and selectivity, etc. Similarly, specially designed reactors are often used for laboratory kinetic studies or to understand a certain phenomenon. Thus, novel multiphase reactors are becoming important from both academic and industrial viewpoints. Some of the recently introduced novel gas-liquid-solid reactor types are: (a) loop recycle slurry reactors, (b) basket-type reactors, (c) ebullated-bed reactors, (d) internal or external recycle reactors, (e) multistage slurry or packed-bed reactors, (f) column reactors with sieve trays or multiple agitators, (g) gas-induced agitated reactors, and (h) horizontal-packed-bed reactors. are being used in several new commercial processes, and various design aspects, such as hydrodynamics and mass and heat transfer, have been the subject of investigations in the last few years. However, no attempt to review the scattered information on these novel gas-liquid-solid reactors has been made. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review important developments in novel gas-liquid-solid reactors. For each type of reactor, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed. Further, the status of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer parameters and scale-up considerations is reviewed. These novel reactor designs are being used in several new commercial processes, and various design aspects, such as hydrodynamics and mass and heat transfer, have been the subject of investigations in the last few years. However, no attempt to review the scattered information on these novel gas-liquid-solid reactors has been made. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review important developments in novel gas-liquid-solid reactors. For each type of reactor, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed. Further, the status of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer parameters and scale-up considerations is reviewed. 相似文献
54.
旨在探讨一种新的企业知识管理体系结构及其构建方法.分析现有企业知识管理体系存在的问题,研究个人知识管理体系的结构特点及其优点,并结合蜂窝状组织结构方式,提出一种基于个人知识管理构建企业级知识管理体系的方法,并阐述其原理、特点及其构建方法.与现有企业知识管理体系相比,这种新方法使得知识的更新更加快速,系统维护更方便,具有更简便、灵活、高效的特点. 相似文献
55.
In order to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emanated from a diesel eng ine, a comprehensive urea selective catalyst reduction (SCR) DeNOx catalys t was modeled in which numerical simulations were used as a complementary tool f or the experimental investigations to make the design decisions, and hence short en the development process. In this approach, relevant conversion reactions were studied in 1D model, and the parameters obtained in this way were transferred t o 3D simulations. According to the results ... 相似文献
56.
Sybren de Kinderen Khaled Gaaloul Henderik A. Proper 《Software and Systems Modeling》2014,13(3):1043-1057
The ArchiMate modelling language provides a coherent and a holistic view of an enterprise in terms of its products, services, business processes, actors, business units, software applications and more. Yet, ArchiMate currently lacks (1) expressivity in modelling an enterprise from a value exchange perspective, and (2) rigour and guidelines in modelling business processes that realize the transactions relevant from a value perspective. To address these issues, we show how to connect e \(^{3}\) value, a technique for value modelling, to ArchiMate via transaction patterns from the DEMO methodology. Using ontology alignment techniques, we show a transformation between the meta models underlying e \(^{3}\) value, DEMO and ArchiMate. Furthermore, we present a step-wise approach that shows how this model transformation is achieved and, in doing so, we also show the of such a transformation. We exemplify the transformation of DEMO and e \(^{3}\) value into ArchiMate by means of a case study in the insurance industry. As a proof of concept, we present a software tool supporting our transformation approach. Finally, we discuss the functionalities and limitations of our approach; thereby, we analyze its and practical applicability. 相似文献
57.
58.
This paper first outlines an approximate solution to the governing equations for an adiabatic hydroprocessing trickle bed reactor operating in the presence of axial dispersion. The approximate solution agrees very well with the rigorous numerical solution for Peclet numbers greater than approximately three.Using the approximate solution, criteria for significant axial dispersion effect are obtained. These criteria indicate that at high conversions, an adiabatic operation produces a larger axial dispersion effect than the isothermal operation. At low conversions, opposite results are obtained.The derived criteria are used to evaluate the orders of magnitude of Peclet number required to avoid axial dispersion effect in pilot scale adiabatic reactors for (a) residual hydrodesulfurization (b) hydrocracking of gas oils and (c) denitrogenation of shale oils. The calculations indicate that the axial dispersion effect is of less importance in case (c) than in cases (a) and (b).Finally, the role of heat effects on the axial dispersion in a vapor phase fixed bed adiabatic reactor is evaluated. 相似文献
59.
Shah Bhagyashree Alsadoon Abeer Prasad P.W.C. Al-Naymat Ghazi Beg Azam 《Multimedia Tools and Applications》2021,80(14):21339-21361
Multimedia Tools and Applications - Deep learning (DL) is a type of machine learning capable of processing large quantities of data to provide analytic results based on a particular... 相似文献
60.
Atlam Mostafa Torkey Hanaa El-Fishawy Nawal Salem Hanaa 《Pattern Analysis & Applications》2021,24(3):993-1005
Pattern Analysis and Applications - Coronavirus (COVID-19) is one of the most serious problems that has caused stopping the wheel of life all over the world. It is widely spread to the extent that... 相似文献