The stress analysis of Si MEMS devices by micro-Raman technique

In this paper, the micro-Raman technique was used to measure the residual stress and its variation in Si MEMS devices and carried out on two platforms. Firstly, it was observed that there is a good correlation between the wafer's centre deflection and Raman shift. Secondly, using diaphragms fabricated from a SOI wafer, it was observed that a thinner diaphragm results in more Raman shift and vice versa. After a thin metal film layer (Cr/Au) is sputtered onto the diaphragm, it was observed that the Raman shift is more significant as the metal layer represents an amplification effect. These results show that the micro-Raman technique is a powerful method to investigate the residual stress of Si MEMS devices, especially how the stress changes during the fabrication process. All these could help select and optimize the fabrication parameters during the device manufacturing process.     

A Synthetic Overview of Benzoxazines and Benzoxazepines as Anticancer Agents

Benzoxazines and benzoxazepines are nitrogen and oxygen-containing six and seven-membered benzo-fused heterocyclic scaffolds, respectively. Benzoxazepines and benzoxazines are well-known pharmacophores in pharmaceutical chemistry, which are of significant interest and have been extensively studied because of their promising activity against various diseases including their wide range of anticancer activity. Several reports are known for synthesizing benzoxazine and benzoxazepine-based compounds in the literature. Herein this review provides a critical analysis of synthetic strategies towards benzoxazines and benzoxazepines along with various ranges of anticancer activities based on these molecules that have been reported from 2010 onwards. This review also focuses on the structure-activity relationship of the benzoxazine and benzoxazepine scaffolds containing bioactive compounds and describes how the structural modification affects their anticancer activity.     

An Architecture for Interactive Context-Aware Applications

The interactive behavior of context-aware applications depends on the physical and logical context in which the interaction occurs. The main difference between traditional HCI design and context-aware design is how we deal with context. In this article, we pick up on recent ubicomp community trends, drawing from sociology and focusing on interaction's communicative aspects. So, starting from the premise that interaction is communication, we propose a new interaction model for context-aware applications. We then derive an architectural framework that developers can use to implement our interaction model. The main benefit of our architecture is that, by modeling context in the user interface, developers can represent the application's inferences visually for users     

响应面优化马骨髓蛋白的提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

运用响应面分析方法对马骨髓蛋白酶解工艺条件进行优化.以马骨髓蛋白浓度和DPPH自由基清除能力为指标,在单因素实验基础上,以提取温度、提取时间、料液比、提取次数为试验因素,利用响应面法进一步优化提取工艺,筛选最佳工艺条件;通过测定马骨髓蛋白对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子...     

A futuristic least-cost optimisation model of CO2 transportation and storage in the UK/UK Continental Shelf

The owners of 8 power plants in the UK have announced interest in capturing and sequestering CO₂. Using various criteria from the literature twenty fields in the UK Continental Shelf were selected as possible sinks for the captured CO₂. Using a linear programming model, the study determined the least-cost transportation network under various constraints on the volumes of CO₂ captured from the sources and the injection rates at the sinks. Four scenarios were developed to gauge the sensitivity of the results to these and to the availability of fields for EOR and Permanent Storage. Depending on the scenario, the optimal transportation CAPEX was found to range between £3.5 and £5.2 billion in real terms. With higher minimum injection rates at the fields, accelerating CO₂–EOR investments was found to reduce unit transportation CAPEX compared to waiting for their cessation of production dates. On the other hand a combination of the later availability of the CO₂–EOR fields plus a lower minimum injection rate yielded the minimum transportation network CAPEX. The modelling also unveiled the problem of CO₂ supply overflows in the longer term. The modelling approach has wide applicability beyond the UK.     

Optimizing acido-basic profile of support in Ni supported La2O3+Al2O3 catalyst for dry reforming of methane

The increasing alarm of global warming always draws interest in reactions like dry reforming of methane (DRM) where both global warming gases (CO₂ and CH₄) are converted into value-added chemical building blocks, such as syngas. Nickel catalyst active sites along with support acid-base profiles play a key role in DRM. Herein, xLa₂O₃+(100-x) Al₂O₃ (x = 0, 10, 15, 20%) supports are prepared and followed by NiO dispersion over the produced support by impregnation method. It was tested for DRM reaction and characterized with TGA, XRD, TEM, IR, Surface area and porosity measurement, H₂-TPR, CO₂-TPD and NH₃-TPD techniques. Upon increasing the basic lanthana proportion in the acidic alumina support, the crystallinity of alumina and acidity of total support decline. Up to 15% Lanthana addition in support claims a low acid and rich basic surface including super basic sites (related to unidentate carbonates) which governed optimum catalytic performance 64% CH₄ conversion, 79% CO₂ conversion and H₂/CO ~ 1 up to 460-min in time on stream test. 20% lanthanum oxide loading led to inferior performance due to rapid loss of surface area, pore-volume, pore diameter, acidity and medium basic strength sites. Fine-tuning of acid-base lanthana-alumina support with dispersed Ni species are a means for understanding DRM.     

Simulation of Crude Palm Oil Dilution in a Palm Oil Mill Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was applied to simulate the dilution of undiluted crude oil (UCO) in a dilution tank of a palm oil mill. Fluid flow and mixing characteristics were examined. Considering the mixing behavior, the mixing of dilution water and UCO occurred as soon as these fluids entered the dilution tank, and the oil mass fraction in the mixture decreased gradually towards the outlet of the tank. Meanwhile, the velocity of dilution water and UCO declined as the fluids moved from their respective inlets. The intensity of turbulence flow remained until near the tank outlet. For the parametric study, the oil mass fraction of diluted crude oil (DCO) increased with higher UCO flow rate and oil mass fraction in the UCO but declined with higher dilution water flow rate.     

Structural phase instability,mixed-phase,and energy band gap change in BiFeO3 under lattice strain effect from first-principles investigation

Lattice strain effects drive a variety of novel functional responses in epitaxial BiFeO₃ thin films and have attracted significant interest and attention from researchers in experimental and theoretical studies. However, the difficulty in designing experimental techniques in addition to facing problems in the first principles approach, such as output accuracy and high computational costs, constitute the discovery of new functional responses in epitaxial BiFeO₃ thin films not entirely understood. Therefore, in this study, we perform a first principles calculation based on the less expensive LDA+U method to investigate the structural phase instability and electronic properties change in BiFeO₃ under the lattice strain effect. The structural phase transformation of BiFeO₃ under volumetric and compressive/tensile lattice strain was examined established on the calculated lower energy phases. Importantly, we demonstrated that the change of crystal structure phases of BiFeO₃ was extremely sensitive to the volumetric and compressive/tensile lattice strain, comparable with various experiment data, as reported in the literature. Moreover, we revealed for the first time from the first principles prediction the coexistence of mixed R-T phases in the region of moderate compressive ζ_in-plane of ?2.9% (e.g. LaAlO₃ substrates with ɑ = 3.79 Å). From the prediction of electronic properties obtained by the LDA+U and PBE0 methods, we found that the energy band gap increased when the compressive in-plane lattice strain is increased while, in contrast, the energy band gap decreased when BiFeO₃ was under the tensile in-plane lattice strain effect. We also demonstrate that our computational technique based on the first principles study was sufficiently accurate enough, helping to speed up the process of designing new materials having an excellent multifunctional response (piezoelectric, magnetic, photovoltaic, spintronic).     

Investigation of Seismic Behavior and Infill Wall Effects for Prefabricated Industrial Buildings in Turkey

Recently, Turkey has been hit by several moderate to large earthquakes that resulted in significant loss of life and property. The 1998 Adana and 1999 Marmara earthquakes caused severe damage not only in residential buildings but also in industrial buildings. Most of the industrial buildings in Turkey are constructed as prefabricated structures. Prefabricated structures are preferred because of their economic and rapid production. In the present study, the earthquake behavior and infill wall effects for single story hinged industrial prefabricated buildings were investigated. Nonlinear pushover, performance-based, time history, and fragility analyses were carried out for a sample prefabricated industrial building. Infill wall effect was investigated by adopting a diagonal strut model. The structural behavior and load-deformation relationship of prefabricated industrial buildings both with and without infilled walls were evaluated and compared. Results of the study show that masonry infill walls can affect the lateral load-carrying capacity and modify the earthquake response of prefabricated industrial buildings.