Massive MIMO will improve the performance of future 5G systems in terms of data rate and spectral efficiency, while accommodating a large number of users. Furthermore, it allows for 3D beamforming in order to provide more degrees of freedom and increase the number of high-throughput users. Massive MIMO is expected to provide more advantages compared to other solutions in terms of energy and spectral efficiency. This will be achieved by focusing the radiation towards the direction of the intended users, thus implementing simultaneous transmission to many users while keeping interference low. It can boost the capacity compared to a conventional antenna solution, resulting in a spectral efficiency up to 50 times greater than that provided by actual 4G technology. However, to take full advantage of this technology and to overcome the challenges of implementation in a real environment, a complicated radio system is required. The purpose of this work is to present the MIMO technology evolution and challenges in a simple introductory way and investigate potential system enhancements.
Inverse overcurrent is normally associated with the overcurrent relay types, the operation time is inversely proportional (in certain degrees) with their overcurrent ratio. 相似文献
When adopting a new, innovative information technology (IT), most institutions tend to lack knowledge about it initially. However, they often adopt new ITs despite their illiteracy. This behavior is difficult to explain using rational IT adoption theories. Focusing on the organizational decision-making process behind adoption of innovative IT, we examine the strategy by which some companies compensate for their lack of knowledge: collection of information from other companies that have successfully adopted IT previously. We develop a new IT adoption model for which goal contagion theory and social comparison theory are combined to interpret the circumstances under which organizations tend to adopt new, innovative IT despite limited knowledge about it. Big data, cloud services, and smart mobile systems are considered as examples of innovative IT in the empirical study. 相似文献
One of the most important and promising research areas in biomedical and micropumping applications is magnetic actuation of ferrofluids with dynamic magnetic fields. For ensuring the use of ferrofluids in various applications in engineering fields, their flows generated by magnetic fields should be extensively investigated and simulated. In this study, simulations of ferrofluid actuation with dynamic magnetic fields were performed by modeling it using the COMSOL Multiphysics software, and iron oxide nanoparticle-based ferrofluids at different angles of rotating magnets were considered to provide insight into ferrofluid flow in small channels. Ferrofluid flows were modeled at different magnetic flux densities provided by rotating magnets, and velocity profiles inside the channel were analyzed. It was shown that ferrofluid actuation can be considered as a futuristic micropumping alternative, simulation results matched well with the experimental results of previous work, and the established model could serve as a tool to analyze ferrofluid flows generated by dynamic magnetic fields. The results of the model show that flow rates up to 100 µl/s can be reached at a rotation angle of 30° by using dynamic magnetic fields. Various applications including biomedical applications might be envisaged. 相似文献