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991.
Estimating discharge in gravel‐bed river using non‐contact ground‐penetrating and surface‐velocity radars 下载免费PDF全文
Discharge measurement is a critical task for gravel‐bed channels. Under high‐flow conditions, the elevation of the riverbed changes significantly by intensive torrential flow. The stage–discharge relations commonly used for stream discharge estimation may no longer be adequate. The contact‐type velocity measuring is also subject to measurement errors and/or instrument failures by the high‐flow velocities, driftwood, stumps, and debris. This study developed a new real‐time method to estimate river discharge in gravel‐bed channels. A systematic measuring technology combining ground‐penetrating radar and surface‐velocity radar was employed. The rating curves representing the relations of water surface velocity to the channel cross‐sectional mean velocity and flow area were established. Stream discharge was then deduced from the resulting mean velocity and flow area. The proposed method was examined in a steep gravel‐bed reach of the Cho‐Shui River in central Taiwan. The estimated stream discharge during three flood events were compared to the prediction by using the stage–discharge relation and the index‐velocity method. The proposed method of this study is capable of computing reasonable values of discharge for an entire flood hydrograph, whereas the other two methods tend to produce large extrapolation errors. Moreover, when the computed discharge is used in 2D flood flow simulation, the proposed method demonstrates better performance than the commonly used stage–discharge and index‐velocity methods. 相似文献
992.
This paper focuses on the design of a low order robust stabilizer for the tracking/disturbance rejection problem based on the internal model principle in the time-varying setting and its application to the hydraulic pressure tracking with varying frequency. The problem of this kind known as output regulation generally consists of two major parts: internal model unit construction and stabilizer design. While the construction of the time-varying internal model unit is non-trivial by itself and a very recent research outcome enables its synthesis for a class of linear time-varying systems, the effective stabilization of the augmented system (internal model unit and plant) for practical applications remains a challenge. This is due to the need to stabilize the high order time-varying augmented system using a low order stabilizer in a robust fashion and with desirable transient performance. While directly applying the stabilization approaches for a general LTV system will result in a high order stabilizer, a new method is proposed in this paper that overcomes this bottleneck by taking advantage of the unique structure of the internal model based control system. Instead of using a dynamic stabilizer with high order, this approach uses a sequence of time-varying gains that are directly injected into the internal model unit. A critical issue addressed is how to avoid the non-convex optimization associated with the time-varying gain synthesis and then convert the stabilizer design into a series of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). The proposed control approach is then demonstrated on an electrohydraulic system. 相似文献
993.
In this article, we study a phase field model for a two-layer fluid where the temperature dependence of both the density (buoyancy forces) and the surface tension (Marangoni effects) is considered. The phase field model consisting of a modified Navier–Stokes equation, a Cahn–Hilliard phase field equation and an energy transport equation is derived through an energetic variational procedure. An appropriate variational form and a continuous finite element method are adopted to maintain the underlying energy law to its greatest extent. A few examples for Bénard–Marangoni convection in an Acetonitrile and n-Hexane two-layer fluid system heated from above will be computed to justify our phase field model and further show the good performance of our methods. In addition, an interesting experiment will be performed to show the competition between the Marangoni effects and the buoyancy forces. 相似文献
994.
The Crank–Nicolson scheme as well as its modified schemes is widely used in numerical simulations for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. In this paper, we prove the multisymplecticity and symplecticity of this scheme. Firstly, we reconstruct the scheme by the concatenating method and present the corresponding discrete multisymplectic conservation law. Based on the discrete variational principle, we derive a new variational integrator which is equivalent to the Crank–Nicolson scheme. Therefore, we prove the multisymplecticity again from the Lagrangian framework. Symplecticity comes from the proper discrete Hamiltonian structure and symplectic integration in time. We also analyze this scheme on stability and convergence including the discrete mass conservation law. Numerical experiments are presented to verify the efficiency and invariant-preserving property of this scheme. Comparisons with the multisymplectic Preissmann scheme are made to show the superiority of this scheme. 相似文献
995.
磷酸铁(FePO4)是锂电池正极材料磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4)的核心前驱体,FePO4形貌及硫含量对合成的LiFePO4材料性能有重要影响。为得到类球形低硫FePO4产品,在传统液相沉淀法技术基础上做了改进优化,添加十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)作为形貌助剂提高产品球形度,添加氨水作为配体形成磷酸铁铵配合物改善结晶过程,降低产品硫含量。结果表明:所制备的FePO4产品硫质量分数低,达到2.6×10 -5,形貌为均一的微米类球形颗粒,D50=11.4 μm,振实密度达到1.22 g/cm 3,有望成为制备高压实密度LiFePO4材料的核心前驱体。 相似文献
996.
用离子交换法能使硅酸盐激光玻璃机械强度增加2-3倍,激光强度增加3倍,从而弥补了自身热光系数较大的缺点。虽然玻璃在处理后,阈值稍微升高,效率稍有下降,但因允许输入更大的能量,使输出得到3倍的增加,说明了离子交换增强方法是成功的。 相似文献
997.
998.
氧和氮在炭分子筛上的吸附与扩散 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
用重量法研究了氧、氮在两种空分用炭分子筛上的吸附与扩散。结果表明,氧和氮在炭分子筛中的扩散是活化扩散,该过程可用双孔模型进行描述。求得了氧、氮的扩散系数。 相似文献
999.
1000.
Xiaohong Wang Guanzhong Lu Yun Guo Yuye Xue Liangzhu Jiang Yanglong Guo Zhigang Zhang 《Catalysis Today》2007,126(3-4):412-419
The Si-doped Ce–Zr–O solid solutions have been prepared by the reverse microemulsion method. The effects of Si and its content on the structure characters, thermal-stability and reducibility of the Ce–Zr–O solid solution have been studied by N2 adsorption, XRD, laser Raman (LR), TPR, FT-IR, NMR and XPS methods. The results indicate that, there are the bonds of Si–O–M (Ce or Zr) in the Ce–Zr–Si–O solid solutions, and the presence of Si can increase obviously the surface area, thermal-stability, crystal lattice distortion rate, and reducibility of the solid solution. The surface area of the sample with 20 wt.% Si reaches 153 m2 g−1 after being calcined at 900 °C for 6 h. The Ce–Zr–O solid solution with 5.2–10 wt.% Si shows excellent thermal-stability and reducibility. 相似文献