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131.
Stevan Nemoda Milica Mladenović Srdjan Belošević Rastko Mladenović Dragoljub Dakić 《International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer》2009,52(15-16):3427-3438
The paper presents a fluid-porous medium model, developed for stationary 2D predictions of fluidized bed. Dense phase is considered a fixed porous medium, while gas–particle interactions and bubbling phase are modeled regarding balance of friction forces between gas and particles. Like referent measurements, predictions of lateral jet injection into the bed suggest the jet penetration length is strongly affected by fluid velocity at the nozzle outlet, while influences of the nozzle vertical position and inclination angle are not significant. Also, the fluid velocity and the nozzle vertical position exert pronounced effects on mixing rate of components (fuel and oxidizer). 相似文献
132.
The effect of reaction temperature, mixing speed and oxidant to catalyst volume ratio, including their interactions on the oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene by using response surface methodology was studied. Hydrogen peroxide was used as oxidant and acetic acid as catalyst. The obtained model accurately predicts conversion of dibenzothiophene and the best conversion of 98.7% was observed at temperature 70°C, mixing speed of 1250 rpm and oxidant to catalyst volume ratio of 1:1. At high temperatures, a major limitation of the desulfurization process is the mass transfer and the high mixing speed is needed to achieve an efficient process. 相似文献
133.
Valentina V Semenčenko Ljiljana V Mojović Aleksandra P Đukić‐Vuković Milica M Radosavljević Dušanka R Terzić Marija S Milašinović Šeremešić 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》2013,93(4):811-818
BACKGROUND: Bioethanol is mostly produced from starchy parts of the corn grain kernel leaving significant amounts of valuable by‐products such as dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) which can be used as a substitute for traditional feedstuff. The suitability of six maize hybrids from Serbia was investigated for bioethanol and DDGS production. The correlation between physical and chemical characteristics of the grain, bioethanol yield and quality of the corresponding DDGS was assessed. RESULTS: All hybrids had very different chemical composition and physical characteristics which could allow various applications. The highest bioethanol yield (94.5% of theoretical) and volumetric productivity (2.01 g l?1 h?1) were obtained with hybrid ZP 434 and the lowest with ZP 611k. Regarding chemical composition, all DDGS samples manifested good properties as feed components. Their protein content was higher compared to the kernel. In addition, the samples showed high digestibility and high mineral content, especially of calcium and phosphorus. CONCLUSION: A hybrid ZP 434 was selected as the most promising bioethanol producer. This property is attributed to the highest level of soft endosperm which is more susceptible to starch‐hydrolysing enzymes. A high yield potential per hectare makes it the best candidate for commercial bioethanol production. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
134.
Modeling biomass as a renewable energy source poses many challenges with respect to feedstock variability, which are difficult to account for. It is found that at the preliminary stages of energy planning, heating value and moisture content of the feedstock are the most important factors. In addition, the effects of harvesting, transportation and storage are found to be significant even though they are often overlooked. Using the gathered information a biomass module for energy planning is created and integrated to H2RES, a renewable energy planning program. Using this excel based software, a case study for a wood processing factory is performed, using the waste wood as feedstock. Comparing various scenarios, it is concluded that using a combination of solid oxide fuel cells, solar panels and steam turbines can satisfy the factories energy requirements with excess sold to the grid. 相似文献
135.
The most important aim in the design and processing of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is to produce devices free from any deformation. Smart choices of different combination of graded layers, as well as the heating rate during sintering, are important for the fabrication of high-quality FGMs. In this study, BaTi0.975Sn0.025O3/BaTi0.85Sn0.15O3 (noted as BTS2.5 and BTS15, respectively) FGM was used as a model system for the construction of master sintering curves (MSCs) and estimation of the effective activation energies of sintering for different BTS graded layers. The MSCs were constructed, for BTS2.5 and BTS15 graded layers in FGMs, using shrinkage data obtained by a heating microscope during sintering at four constant heating rates, 2, 5, 10 and 20 °/min. The effective activation energies were determined using the concept of MSC; values of 359.5 and 340.5 kJ/mol were obtained for graded layers BTS2.5 and BTS15, respectively. A small difference of the effective activation energies of chosen powders made it possible for us to prepare high-quality FGMs, without delamination, distortion or other forms of defects. 相似文献
136.
The aim of this paper is to establish the correlation among sintering process, porosity, and important thermo-mechanical property
of refractory concrete, i.e., creep. Creep deformation was investigated according to the standard laboratory procedure applied
at three temperatures: 1200, 1300, and 1400 °C. Corundum and bauxite-based refractory concretes were investigated. The concretes
are varying in chemical and mineralogical composition. Both loss of strength and degradation of material occur when refractory
concrete is subjected to increased temperature and compressive static load. Measuring of thermo-mechanical properties can
indicate and monitor the changes within microstructure. Variation of refractory concrete microstructure, as a consequence
of sintering process, during exposure to constant compressive load and constant elevated temperature during certain time-intervals
was investigated using scanning electron microscope and Image Pro Plus program for image analysis. Obtained results of the
investigation proved that creep can be useful method when type of refractory concrete is to be chosen for an application. 相似文献
137.
R. Radosavljević Prof. Dj. Kalić Z. Lazarević 《Electrical Engineering (Archiv fur Elektrotechnik)》1994,78(1):33-40
Contents This paper presents a new method, called Indirect Two-Speed Method (ITSM), for obtaining electrical and shaft torques in an induction motor drive by means of measuring the speeds of both lumped-inertia elements assigned to a second order model. The measuring is realized by using high-resolution digital tachometers (represented by incremental encoders), two frequency measurement systems based on the Double-Buffered Method, digitalfiltering of the raw speed data and numerical differentiation of the filtered speed data.
Messung transienter Drehmomente eines Induktionsmotor-Antriebs mittels der Indirekten Zwei-Drehzahlen-Methode
Übersicht Im Beitrag wird ein neues Verfahren zur Ermittlung des elektrischen Moments und des Wellen-Drehmoments eines Induktionsmotor-Antriebs vorgestellt. Das als Indirekte Zwei-Drehzahlen-Methode (ITSM) bezeichnete Verfahren geht aus von einem mechanischen Modell zweiter Ordnung und mißt die Drehzahlen beider als konzentrierte Parameter betrachteten Drehmassen. Für die Durchführung werden hochauflösende digitale Tachometer eingesetzt. Die Frequenzmessung erfolgt durch ein Verfahren mit doppelter Pufferung, und es werden die Rohdaten nach digitaler Filterung numerisch differenziert.相似文献
138.
A mathematical model is derived and disdussed that represents the structural properties of the alternative linearity and of the triangular block structural connectivity of the sets of differential equations, associated with the machines in the numerical integration of short- and long-term dynamics. In order to take into consideration the structural properties of the model, a one-step decomposition method for the numerical integration of short- and long-term dynamics is proposed. The method can be applied not only to the numerical integration of short- and long-term dynamics but also to all other cases when the model of the dynamic system is alternative-linear and triangular block connected. Numerical stability, accuracy and computation speed are the major advantages of this method, making it suitable for many applications, including the dynamic security analysis of power systems. 相似文献
139.
This paper presents results of measurements of the specific heat and electrical resistivity of a 53%Ni-47%Ti superconducting alloy. Both properties were measured by a contact variant of the millisecond-resolution pulse calorimeter. W5%Re/W25%Re thermocouple thermometry enabled study from ambient temperature to 2000 K. Results are discussed, and their uncertainty is estimated. 相似文献
140.
Risović D 《Applied optics》2002,41(33):7092-7101
Mie theory is used to study the influence of the particle-size distribution (PSD) on the backscattering ratio for case 1 and 2 waters. Several in situ measured PSDs from coastal water and the open ocean, representing typical case 2 and 1 waters, were used in this investigation. Calculation of the backscattering ratio requires integration of the PSD over a much broader size range than is usually measured. Consequently extrapolation from fitted data is necessary. To that purpose the measured data are fitted with hyperbolic (Junge) and the two-component model of the PSD. It is shown that the result of extrapolation, hence the backscattering ratio, critically depends on the chosen PSD model. For a particular PSD model the role of submicrometer particles and the applied integration limits on the backscattering ratio is discussed. The use of the hyperbolic PSD model largely overestimates the number of small (submicrometer) particles that significantly contribute to backscattering and consequently leads to an erroneously high backscattering ratio. The two-component model proves to be an adequate PSD model for use in backscattering/scattering calculations providing satisfactory results complying with experimental data. The results are relevant for the inversion of remotely sensed data and the prediction of optical properties and the concentration of phytoplankton pigments, suspended sediment, and yellow substance. 相似文献