This paper presents a failure analysis of tool steel and brass powder metallurgy (P/M) parts that failed during service. A detailed failure investigation of fractured tool steel and brass parts was carried out to assess the causes for their premature failures. The fractured surfaces of the broken pieces and the component surfaces were subjected to detailed examination. Investigations were carried out by visual methods, microhardness measurements, and using optical and scanning electron microscopes. In the case of the brass sample, visual examination of the surface indicated flat surface features. Detailed optical and electron microscopic studies corroborated by microhardness indentations have conclusively established that the failure was mainly due to the presence of very small impurities in the brass component material. In the case of the tool steel sample, the fractured surfaces of the component were subjected to destructive and nondestructive tests. Representative fractured pieces were examined visually and tested for their yield strength using simple tensile tests. Optical and scanning electron microscopies at appropriate magnifications were also performed to characterize its microstructure and fracture morphology. Detailed investigations of the tool steel part established that the failure was mainly due to inferior yield strength of the component resulting from improper heat treatment. 相似文献
A two-dimensional model is developed for the determination of devolatilization time and char yield of cylindrical wood particles in a bubbling fluidized bed combustor. By using the concept of shape factor, the model is extended to particles of cuboid shape. The model prediction of the devolatilization time agrees with the measured data (present and those reported in the literature) for cylindrical and cuboidal shaped particles within ±20% while the char yield is predicted within ±17%. Influence of some important parameters namely, thermal diffusivity, external heat transfer coefficient and shrinkage, on the devolatilization time and char yield are studied. Thermal diffusivity shows noticeable influence on devolatilization time. The external heat transfer coefficient shows little influence beyond a value of 300 W/(m2 K). However particle shrinkage shows negligible effect on the devolatilization time but has a significant influence on the char yield. 相似文献
Hydride-assisted degradation in fracture toughness of Zircaloy-2 was evaluated by carrying out instrumented drop-weight tests on curved Charpy specimens fabricated from virgin pressure tube. Samples were charged to 60 ppm and 225 ppm hydrogen. Ductile-to-brittle-transition behaviour was exhibited by as-received and hydrided samples. The onset of ductile-to-brittle-transition was at about 130 °C for hydrided samples, irrespective of their hydrogen content. Dynamic fracture toughness (KID) was estimated based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach. For fractures occurring after general yielding, the fracture toughness was derived based on equivalent energy criterion. Results are supplemented with fractography. This simple procedure of impact testing appears to be promising for monitoring service-induced degradation in fracture toughness of pressure tubes. 相似文献
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Free-end torsion tests were conducted for Ti6Al4V (Ti64) alloy at temperatures of 298 K, 673 K, and 873 K for different strains ranging from 0.22 to... 相似文献
Non-edible filtered high viscous (72 cSt at 40 °C) and high acid value (44 mg KOH/gm) polanga (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil based mono esters (biodiesel) produced by triple stage transesterification process and blended with high speed diesel (HSD) were tested for their use as a substitute fuel of diesel in a single cylinder diesel engine. HSD and polanga oil methyl ester (POME) fuel blends (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) were used for conducting the short-term engine performance tests at varying loads (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). Tests were carried out over entire range of engine operation at varying conditions of speed and load. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) were calculated from the recorded data. The engine performance parameters such as fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and exhaust emissions (CO, CO2, HC, NOx, and O2) were recorded. The optimum engine operating condition based on lower brake specific fuel consumption and higher brake thermal efficiency was observed at 100% load for neat biodiesel. From emission point of view the neat POME was found to be the best fuel as it showed lesser exhaust emission as compared to HSD. 相似文献
Studies were carried out on grafting of various vinyl monomers to nitrocellulose by ceric ions. It was observed that graft copolymerization occurred only with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methyl acrylate monomer. The variables such as initiator concentration, monomer concentration, time of grafting, and nitrocellulose content on grafting of MMA are discussed. By hydrolyzing away the nitrocellulose backbone, the grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) branches were isolated and the >c?o peak at 1740 cm?1 in the infrared spectra of these isolated branches gave definite evidence of grafting. The molecular weight of isolated branches has been determined by viscometry. The probable mechanism of grafting may be at the α-carbon atom of primary alcohol or at a C2-C3 glycol group of the anhydro glucose unit or at the hemiacetal group of the end unit of nitrocellulose, as nitrocellulose is formed by the partial nitration of cotton cellulose. 相似文献
The present work intends to investigate dynamic behaviour of draft gear using finite element method. The longitudinal force that the draft gear absorbs usually leads to the failure of its components, especially, the load bearing draft pads. Dynamic behaviour of an individual draft pad and a draft gear is determined and characterized with exciting frequencies and corresponding mode shapes. The effect of compressive prestress load on the dynamic behaviour of an individual draft pad is also determined as the draft pads in assembled state are under constant axial compressive force in the draft gear. The vibration characteristics of individual draft pad are compared with draft pads that are part of draft gear. The modal analysis gives us a basis for subjecting a draft pad to higher frequency loading for determining its fatigue behaviour.
The technology of materials removal is improved greatly by the introduction of advanced cutting tools like cubic boron nitride,
ceramics, polycrystalline diamond and the more recent whisker-reinforced materials. In this paper, the influence of cutting
temperature on machinability, mechanical properties, microstructure, and fracture morphology of Cu-2Be alloy using a polycrystalline
diamond cutter is investigated. The information on machining, microstructure, and fracture morphology of Cu-2Be alloy are
very useful to understand their fabrication characteristics and the basic mechanisms of its deformation and fracture. The
machinability (in terms of surface finish) of Cu-2Be alloy is evaluated as a function of cutting temperature, resulting from
wet and dry cutting. Machining is carried out on a Hardinge Cobra 42 CNC machine (Hardinge Inc., Elmira, NY), and the machining
parameters used—cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate—are kept constant during both wet and dry cutting. The machined
surface finish on Cu-2Be alloy is measured using a surface finish analyzer (Surftest 401, series 178) technique. The machined
specimens are examined for their strength and hardness properties using a standard Universal Testing Machine and Rockwell
hardness tester, respectively. Wet cutting (using coolants) produced a smooth surface finish when compared with dry cutting
of the Cu-2Be alloy. The machined specimens are examined for their microstructural features using a Nikon optical microscope.
The specimens are etched using a suitable etchant solution for revealing such microstructure constituents as grain size, phase
proportions, and the possible overheated areas (especially in dry cutting). The fractured surfaces from the tensile and impact
toughness tests are investigated for their fracture morphologies (dry and wet cutting) using a microprocessor-controlled scanning
electron microscope (Jeol Model JSM 5910 LV). A detailed analysis is also made to understand and interpret the basic fracture
mechanisms responsible for crack initiation and crack propagation. The Cu-2Be alloy showed relatively higher mechanical properties
in wet cutting in comparison to dry cutting operations. Fracture studies demonstrated intergranular and ductile fractures
as dominant modes of fracture mechanisms in Cu-2Be alloy. 相似文献
The Science Gateways program seeks to provide researchers with easy access to TeraGrid's high-performance computing resources. A look at four successful gateways illustrates the program's goals, challenges, and opportunities. 相似文献