Oral Dosage Development of a Human Rhinovirus and Non-Polio Enterovirus Inhibitor

WIN 63843, a Picornavirus replication inhibitor, is physically and chemically stable in the solid state, to light, elevated temperature, and humidity. This 3-ary15-trifluoromethyl disubstituted 1,2,4-oxadiazole compound has very low water solubility but is highly soluble in ethanol and in safflower seed and corn oils. Solubility in the vegetable oils is doubled by the synergistic effect of ethanol at the 16% alcohol concentration. Vegetuble oil solutions of WIN 63843 are thermally stable but react slowly in the presence of light resulting in an amidoxime compound (WIN 65489) formed by opening of the 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring. This reaction does not occur in oil solutions containing small concentrations of ethanol. Of biophannaceutical interest, the addition of ethanol or PEG-400 solutions of WIN 63843 to human gastric fluid resulted in oily droplet formation whereas crystals form upon addition of these solutions to water. Also, the compound is greater than 8,000 times more soluble in human gastric fluid.     

Optimal Respiratory Controller Structures

It has been assumed that there exists an explicit "exercise stimulus" (i. e., a signal that is correlated to metabolic CO2 production and appropriately drives breathing). Alternatively, the behavior of the respiratory controller during exercise and inspiratory CO2 loading may be dictated by an optimal controller. The purpose of this paper is to examine the behavior of two alternative optimal controller configurations which do not require an explicit "exercise stimulus" for their operation. The first yields a multiplicative behavior between an exercise and airway CO2 load. The second yields an additive behavior between these two loads?a behavior consistent with that generally observed in man. Thus, an optimal controller structure may be part of the composite structure of respiratory control.     

Associative fear conditioning of enkephalin mRNA levels in central amygdalar neurons.

The central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) is required for the expression of learned fear responses. This study used in situ hybridization to show that mRNA levels of the neuropeptide enkephalin are increased in CEA neurons after rats are placed in an environment that they associate with an unpleasant experience. In contrast, mRNA levels of another neuropeptide, corticotropin releasing hormone, do not change under the same conditions in the CEA of the same rats. Conditioned neuropeptide levels in amygdalar circuits may act as a reversible "gain control" for long-term modulation of subsequent fear responses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Carbamazepine reduces dopamine-mediated behavior in chronic neuroleptic-treated and untreated rats: Implications for treatment of tardive dyskinesia and hyperdopaminergic states.

Chronic treatment with neuroleptic drugs such as haloperidol (HAL) can result in a syndrome of abnormal involuntary movements known as tardive dyskinesia (TD). The authors have obtained evidence that TD in humans is reduced in patients also taking anticonvulsant drugs, primarily carbamazepine (CBZ). To test for a causal role of CBZ in this effect, the authors quantified abnormal movements elicited by dopamine (DA) receptor stimulation in rats (Rattus norvegicus) withdrawn from chronic treatment with HAL or CBZ alone or in combination. The expected increased behavioral responsiveness to combined D1/D2 stimulation in rats treated with HAL for 8 weeks was significantly attenuated by chronic CBZ, which also attenuated behavioral responsiveness in otherwise untreated rats. Striatal D2 DA receptor density was elevated in rats treated chronically with HAL but unaffected by CBZ. Striatal D1 DA receptor density was elevated by chronic CBZ but unaffected by HAL. These findings suggest that by reducing DA supersensitivity, CBZ may be useful in treating TD and other hyperdopaminergic states. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Toward best-effort services over WDM networks with fair access andminimum bandwidth guarantee

Most existing wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) networks employ circuit switching, typically with one session having exclusive use of one entire wavelength. Consequently, they are not suitable for data applications involving bursty traffic patterns. The All-Optical Network (AON) Consortium has developed an all-optical LAN/MAN test bed which provides time-slotted WDM service. We explore extensions of this service to achieve fine-grained statistical multiplexing with different virtual circuits time sharing the wavelengths in a fair manner. We develop a very fast, best effort time-slotted WDM network protocol with very good fairness and throughput characteristics. As an additional design feature, our protocol supports the assignment of guaranteed bandwidths (GBW) to selected sessions. This feature acts as a first step toward supporting integrated services at the optical layer in WDM networks     

Data hiding for multimedia personalization, interaction, andprotection

The advantages of digital media have opened up many new possibilities to hide data (information) within audio, image and video files. In order to provide copyright protection digital watermarking has been proposed as a means of identifying the owner or distributor of digital data. Data hiding and watermarking research builds on ideas and concepts developed in cryptography, communications theory, algorithm design, and signal processing. The data hiding problem is inherently more difficult than any of the problems that have traditionally been addressed in these fields. All data hiding algorithms combine and extend, in a sense, many of the solutions developed in these areas