Mine Water and the Environment - The mobility of contaminants from mine waste can be assessed using different extraction methods. Aqua regia (AR) extraction is the most commonly used method in... 相似文献
Map L-systems-based parametrization, also referred to as the cellular division method, is a generative encoding, suitable for topology optimization. The parametrization is compact due to its ability to reuse its elements, and therefore capable of covering a large design space with relatively few design variables. Map L-systems are often evolved using genetic algorithms (GAs). A key implementation detail of such procedures, as with most GA-based geometry searches, is the choice of parameters controlling the operation of the evolutionary process. The optimal choice of these in conventional optimization formulations is highly problem-specific—far less so, however, when the GA evolves an L-systems encoding and does not act directly on the geometry. This is because the L-system encoding is, itself, independent of the geometry. We study the effects of different control parameters by conducting a statistical test of over 400 parameter combinations on five test cases, for which the global optima are known. The best-performing parameter combinations are reported as a Pareto front of the average number of objective function evaluations and ranking based on the average of optimized fitnesses. Finally, three Pareto-optimal parameter combinations are selected and applied to an optimization problem of maximizing the fundamental natural frequency of an integrally stiffened aluminum panel. The best of the resulting designs has a higher fundamental natural frequency than the baseline design by a margin of 11.2%. 相似文献
We have investigated the cross-over from Zener tunneling of single charge carriers to avalanche type of bunched electron transport in a suspended graphene Corbino disk in the zeroth Landau level. At low bias, we find a tunneling current that follows the gyrotropic Zener tunneling behavior. At larger bias, we find an avalanche type of transport that sets in at a smaller current the larger the magnetic field is. The low-frequency noise indicates strong bunching of the electrons in the avalanches. On the basis of the measured low-frequency switching noise power, we deduce the characteristic switching rates of the avalanche sequence. The simultaneous microwave shot noise measurement also reveals intrinsic correlations within the avalanche pulses and indicate a decrease in correlations with increasing bias. 相似文献
Quality assurance (QA) of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) often relies on imaging phantoms with suitable structures and uniform regions. However, the connection between phantom measurements and actual clinical image quality is ambiguous. Thus, it is desirable to measure objective image quality directly from clinical images.
Materials and methods
In this work, four measurements suitable for clinical image QA were presented: image resolution, contrast-to-noise ratio, quality index and bias index. The methods were applied to a large cohort of clinical 3D FLAIR volumes over a test period of 9.5 months. The results were compared with phantom QA. Additionally, the effect of patient movement on the presented measures was studied.
Results
A connection between the presented clinical QA methods and scanner performance was observed: the values reacted to MRI equipment breakdowns that occurred during the study period. No apparent correlation with phantom QA results was found. The patient movement was found to have a significant effect on the resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio values.
Discussion
QA based on clinical images provides a direct method for following MRI scanner performance. The methods could be used to detect problems, and potentially reduce scanner downtime. Furthermore, with the presented methodologies comparisons could be made between different sequences and imaging settings. In the future, an online QA system could recognize insufficient image quality and suggest an immediate re-scan.
Cu–H-MCM-41, H-MCM-41 and Na-MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieve catalysts were synthesized, characterized and investigated in the isomerization of 1-butene to isobutene. Introduction of copper in MCM-41 was found to play a positive role in enhancing the conversion of 1-butene and yield of isobutene and Cu–H-MCM-41 exhibited higher conversion of 1-butene and yield to isobutene than H-MCM-41 and Na-MCM-41 catalysts. The pretreatments of Cu–H-MCM-41 catalyst with synthetic air or hydrogen were observed to influence the 1-butene conversion, yield of isobutene and selectivity to isobutene. Pre-treated with the synthetic air the Cu–H-MCM-41-Ox catalyst exhibited higher conversion of 1-butene, yield of isobutene and selectivity to isobutene than hydrogen pre-treated Cu–H-MCM-41-Red. The reason for such a behavior of Cu–H-MCM-41-Red is the reduction of copper species to metallic form. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of Cu–H-MCM-41-Red exhibited a peak attributed to the reduction of Cu2+ to Cu0. FTIR spectra of adsorbed pyridine showed the presence of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites in the H-MCM-41, Na-MCM-41 and Cu–H-MCM-41 catalysts. 相似文献
Conventional fossil diesel fuel and renewable diesel fuel based on hydrotreated vegetable oils (HVO) were compared regarding the oxidation characteristics of the generated soot particulate. The comparison was performed by utilizing a high-temperature oxidation tandem differential mobility analyser in which monodisperse soot aerosol was first selected and then heated in a high-temperature furnace. The particle size reduction caused by oxidation during the furnace treatment was then measured as a function of furnace temperature. The results indicate that soot oxidation is very similar between the studied fuels. This is supported by the obtained HR-TEM images and EELS-spectra which were practically indistinguishable between different fuels and engine conditions. The similar oxidation properties and surface structure between fossil and HVO-based diesel fuels imply that the oxidative aftertreatment devices designed for fossil diesel should work well also with the studied renewable diesel fuel. 相似文献
A distributed dynamic channel allocation algorithm has been proposed in [11]. In this paper the algorithm is modelled using
predicate/transition nets. The same model can be used for any number of cell and channel configurations. The Maria reachability
analyser has been used to analyse the protocol for some configurations. These are deadlock-free and are shown to satisfy the
requirement that the same channel is never allocated to two neighbouring cells. The suitability of high-level nets for the
modelling and analysis of distributed algorithms is discussed.
Published online: 24 August 2001 相似文献
Phantoms are often used to estimate the geometric accuracy in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, the distortions may differ between anatomical and phantom images. This study aimed to investigate the applicability of a phantom-based and a test-subject-based method in evaluating geometric distortion present in clinical head-imaging sequences.
Materials and methods
We imaged a 3D-printed phantom and test subjects with two MRI scanners using two clinical head-imaging 3D sequences with varying patient-table positions and receiver bandwidths. The geometric distortions were evaluated through nonrigid registrations: the displaced acquisitions were compared against the ideal isocenter positioning, and the varied bandwidth volumes against the volume with the highest bandwidth. The phantom acquisitions were also registered to a computed tomography scan.
Results
Geometric distortion magnitudes increased with larger table displacements and were in good agreement between the phantom and test-subject acquisitions. The effect of increased distortions with decreasing receiver bandwidth was more prominent for test-subject acquisitions.
Conclusion
Presented results emphasize the sensitivity of the geometric accuracy to positioning and imaging parameters. Phantom limitations may become an issue with some sequence types, encouraging the use of anatomical images for evaluating the geometric accuracy.