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21.
The rate of evaporation of monodisperse water droplets was first evaluated by solving numerically the modified Maxwell equation, assuming the cellular model for a droplet clouds. The results are discussed in comparison with those for a single isolated droplet, which can be obtained analytically. The critical conditions for the droplet cloud to be stable are then evaluated as a function of droplet number concentration, droplet size and initial conditions of the surrounding air. Secondly, the equilibrated system, where a water droplet cloud is steadily mixed with unsaturated air, was analysed on the basis of enthalpy and material balance of the system to evaluate the total volume change of the droplets. Some of these analyses were verified by experiment, using an ultramicroscopic technique which is useful for droplet size analysis. 相似文献
22.
Xinwen Zhu Tetsuo Uchikoshi Tohru S. Suzuki Yoshio Sakka 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2007,90(3):797-804
The roles of polyethylenimine (PEI) in the hydrolysis and dispersion properties of aqueous Si3 N4 suspensions were studied in terms of the hydrolysis, adsorption, electrokinetic, and rheological measurements. It was found that the pH change of the suspensions in the acidic environment could be minimized in the presence of ≥0.5 dwb% PEI. The ammonia and oxygen measurements suggest that this phenomenon is primarily attributed to the buffer mechanism generated by the ionized PEI, instead of the protection mechanism. The constant pH enables the suspensions to retain a better stability with time at acidic pH. The adsorption of PEI on Si3 N4 is a high-affinity type at highly basic pH, but is a low-affinity type at acidic pH. As the PEI amount increases, the adsorption shifts the isoelectric point (IEP) of Si3 N4 from pH 5.9 to pH ∼11 until complete coverage is attained. The stability of Si3 N4 suspensions is found to depend strongly on the saturated adsorption of PEI, which is as a function of the pH and PEI amount. Once the saturated adsorption limit is reached, the excess free PEI molecules become more detrimental to the stability with increased solid loading. The stabilization mechanisms of Si3 N4 suspensions by PEI were discussed in detail. 相似文献
23.
In order to develop an energy-saving copper recycling process from wastes, electrochemical measurements were conducted in ammoniacal alkaline solutions containing Cu(I) ions and an ammonium salt of sulfate, chloride or nitrate. The results of each system were then compared. The polarization measurements suggested that the voltage required for the electrode process is lower in the chloride and nitrate systems than that in the sulfate system. The cathode current efficiency during the copper electrodeposition varied from 39 to 97% and increased with current density in the chloride and sulfate systems. In the nitrate system, the lowest cathode current efficiency of 30% was observed because of nitrate ion reduction. Based on these results, the power consumption required for the electrowinning stage of the copper recycling process was calculated. Among these three systems, the chloride system showed the lowest power consumption of 500 kWh t−1 at the current density of 200 A m−2, which is about 25% of the conventional copper electrowinning process from a copper sulfate-sulfuric acid solution. 相似文献
24.
Hui-suk Yun Haoshen Zhou Itaru Honma 《Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials》2006,16(2):169-173
Self-standing transparent submillimeter-thick (∼0.34 mm) mesoporous titania films were prepared using the evaporation-induced
self-assembly (EISA) of a triblock copolymer template and titanium tetraethoxide. Performing EISA at low temperature and low
humidity improved the transparency and continuity of the films. As synthesized films had a well-defined hexagonal mesostructure
and the existence of both amorphous titania and anatase nanocrystallites (2 nm) was confirmed. The films that were calcined
at 400°C were composed of anatase nanocrystallites (14–16 nm) and had a BET surface area of 90 m2 g−1 with 13-nm pores. The films were characterized using XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
25.
In this paper, we propose a reality-oriented augmentation approach to support training activities. The approach aims at adding new value and playful features to traditional training environments with keeping their original look-and-feel. For example, a game monitoring service enables to automatically record game events so that players can review a gaming process and strategy for soul-searching, or replay most impressive scenes to share the experience with others after the game finishes. Even several services are running on background, digital devices and services are seamlessly integrated to the game environment in unobtrusive way so that players can concentrate on training as usual. The concept can be applied to both traditional games (e.g., poker and the game of Go) and non-gaming activities (e.g., calligraphy and drumming). We developed four case studies on the concept: Augmented Reality Go, EmoPoker, Augmented Calligraphy and AR Drum Kit. We discuss design issues in the reality-oriented augmentation process based on user study results. 相似文献
26.
By means of SR X-ray diffractometry, cooperative Jahn-Teller distortion as a structural phase transformation of the first kind is directly confirmed by a splitting of Laue spots. It is understood that the degenerate ground state of a nonmagnetic doublet (3) of Ho3+ in a cubic Ho-elpasolite, Fm3m(O
h
5
), at least above 600 mK, is lifted up by a distortion below 150 mK, which was predicted by a splitting of the NQR spectrum and anomalies in the specific heat and magnetic susceptibility. This structural transformation shows not only the lowest transition temperature up to now, but also the greatest hysteresis specified by a Schottky-type excitation. The magnitude of the relative distortion (1/1) has been roughly estimated to be on the 2.0 · 10–3 order of magnitude, which is much larger than the predicted value obtained from a point charge approximation. The pecularities of this transition are discussed from the viewpoint that the general theory of a structural transformation, established convincingly at high temperatures could not be easily applied. 相似文献
27.
T Saito T Nakahara Y Abe T Sugiura M Ogata Y Sugiyama T Watanabe M Honma C Hida T Yamamoto 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,50(12):1133-1141
BACKGROUND: This article presents results of the acute treatment phase of a 2-site study comparing cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) and treatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine sulfate for social phobia. METHODS: One hundred thirty-three patients from 2 sites received 12 weeks of CBGT, phenelzine therapy, pill placebo administration, or educational-supportive group therapy (an attention-placebo treatment of equal credibility to CBGT). The "allegiance effect," ie, the tendency for treatments to seem most efficacious in settings of similar theoretical orientation and less efficacious in theoretically divergent settings, was also examined by comparing responses to the treatment conditions at both sites: 1 known for pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders and the other for cognitive behavioral treatment. RESULTs: After 12 weeks, phenelzine therapy and CBGT led to superior response rates and greater change on dimensional measures than did either control condition. However, response to phenelzine therapy was more evident after 6 weeks, and phenelzine therapy was also superior to CBGT after 12 weeks on some measures. There were few differences between sites, suggesting that these treatments can be efficacious at facilities with differing theoretical allegiances. CONCLUSIONS: After 12 weeks, both phenelzine therapy and CBGT were associated with marked positive response. Although phenelzine therapy was superior to CBGT on some measures, both were more efficacious than the control conditions. More extended cognitive behavioral treatment and the combination of modalities may enhance treatment effect. 相似文献
28.
Takayuki Goto Takao Watanabe Kyoichi Kinoshita Azusa Matsuda Masafumi Sera Tetsuo Fukase 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》1996,105(3-4):401-406
Cu-NMR spectra and the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate T
1
-1
have been studied intensively on the bilayer type high-Tc cuprate La1.89Ca1.11Cu2O6+ (La2126). The resonance line shift showed a monotonic decrease with lowering temperature in the normal state, indicating that this compound belongs to the lightly-doped region. The Curie-Weiss temperature dependence of (T1T)–1 in the normal state shows that the pseudo spin-gap does not always exist in the light-doped bilayer systems. 相似文献
29.
Hiroyuki Fujishiro Manabu Ikebe Masayuki Yagi Kiminari Nakasato Yuzo Shibazaki Tetsuo Fukase 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》1996,105(3-4):981-986
The thermal conductivity of high density La2–xMxCuO4 (M=Ba, Sr) sintered materials was measured between 15K and 150K for the various concentrations of Ba and the phonon thermal conductivity was analyzed comparing with that of Nd2–xCexCuO4. The pretty large value for pure La2CuO4 was drastically diminished by substituting La by a small amount of Ba atoms especially at low temperatures. It was found that a new type of the phonon scattering center such as a two-level tunneling must be taken account of in order to explain the observed reduction. 相似文献
30.
Fusaomi Nagata Takanori Mizobuchi Shintaro Tani Tetsuo Hase Zenku Haga Keigo Watanabe Maki K. Habib 《Artificial Life and Robotics》2010,15(1):106-110
In this article, a new desktop orthogonal-type robot, which has the capacity of stick-slip motion control based on cutter
location data, is presented for lapping small metallic molds with a curved surface. The robot consists of three single-axis
devices with a high position resolution of 1 μm. A thin wooden stick tool with a ball-end shape is attached to the tip of
the z-axis. In order to improve the lapping performance, a novel stick-slip motion control method is developed in the control system.
The small stick-slip motion is orthogonally generated in the direction of the tool’s movement. The effectiveness of stick-slip
motion control is examined through an actual lapping test of an LED lens cavity. 相似文献