The electrochemical characteristics of a methanol stabilized electroless copper-plating solution

The kinetics of electroless copper deposition onto non-metallic substrates have been examined at controlled potentials, using a rotating disc vitreous carbon electrode. The overall plating rate has been shown to be limited by the rate of the partial anodic process. The parameters controlling this retardation have been identified, and a model for the growth of electroless copper from active sites on the non-metallic surface has been suggested.     

Effect of septal and frontal ablations on species-typical behavior in the rat.

Assigned 15 male and 15 female Long-Evans rats to 3 groups: septal lesions, frontal lesions, and control. Behavioral measures were taken both pre- and postoperatively while Ss were freely interacting in a series of 5 large interconnecting chambers. Main categories of behavior observed included exploration, sleep, grooming, aggression, eating, mating, and drinking. The numerous differences found were related more often to sex and phase (pre- vs. postoperative), irrespective of lesion effects. Following behavioral observations, 2-way active-avoidance measures were obtained, and Ss with septal lesions showed the expected facilitation of avoidance behavior. The problem of comparing results derived from studies of brain damage using observational methods with those from laboratory task studies is discussed. (22 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The lattice heat conductivity of aluminium alloys during age-hardening

This paper describes a technique for measuring the heat conductivity at quenched and annealed samples, as well as measurements at the AlMg 1-alloy. This measuring technique permits the investigation of re-arrangement processes such as the agglomeration of vacancies and point defects, which cannot be achieved using conventional techniques (measuring electric resistance).     

Use of high pressure treatment to attenuate starter bacteria for use as adjuncts for Cheddar cheese manufacture

Attenuated starter bacteria cannot produce acid during cheese manufacture, but contain enzymes that contribute to cheese ripening. The aim of this study was to investigate attenuation of starter bacteria using high pressure treatment, for use in combination with a primary starter for Cheddar cheese manufacture, and to determine the effect of such adjunct cultures on secondary proteolysis during ripening. Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris HP and L. lactis ssp. cremoris 303 were attenuated by pressure treatment at 200 MPa for 20 min at 20 °C. Cheddar cheese was manufactured using untreated cultures of both these starter strains, either alone or in combination with their high pressure-treated equivalents. High pressure-treated starters did not produce acid during cheese manufacture and starter counts in cheeses manufactured using high pressure-treated starter did not differ from those of the controls. Higher levels of cell lysis were apparent in cheese manufactured using high pressure-treated strains than in the controls after 26 d of ripening. Small differences were observed in the peptide profiles of cheeses, analysed by reversed-phase HPLC; cheeses manufactured using high pressure-treated starters also had slightly higher levels of amino acids than the relevant controls. Overall, addition of high pressure-treated starter bacteria as a secondary starter culture accelerated secondary proteolysis in Cheddar cheese.

Industrial relevance

Attenuated starters provide extra pool of enzymes, which can influence cheese ripening, without affecting the cheese making schedule. This paper presents an alternative method for attenuation of starter bacteria using high pressure treatment and their subsequent use to accelerate secondary proteolysis in Cheddar cheese during ripening.     

Radiation therapy enhances the therapeutic effect of immunotherapy on pulmonary metastases in a murine renal adenocarcinoma model

In order to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy, we have evaluated the effects of radiation therapy combined with interleukin 2 (IL-2) treatment in a murine metastatic renal adenocarcinoma model (Renca). Pulmonary metastases were induced in Balb/c mice by intravenous injection of Renca and five days later a sublethal dose of radiation (300 rads) was administered either to the whole body or to the left lung only. One day following radiation, immunotherapy was given for 5 consecutive days of IL-2 at 5,000 Cetus units intraperitoneally, twice daily. The animals were either sacrificed on day 23 or 33 to assess tumor burden, or were followed for long term survival. We found that pretreatment with irradiation greatly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy and was manifested by a significant reduction in pulmonary metastases and an increase in survival. When combined with immunotherapy, local tumor irradiation was not only as effective as whole body irradiation, but irradiation of one lung reduced the number of metastases similarly in both lungs. This suggests that local tumor irradiation may act through a systemic mechanism to increase the anti-tumor response mediated by IL-2 therapy.     

FULLY DEVELOPED MIXED CONVECTION IN A HORIZONTAL CHANNEL HEATED UNIFORMLY FROM ABOVE AND BELOW

Abstract

Calculations were performed for fully developed, laminar, mixed convection flow in a horizontal, parallel plate channel heated uniformly at the top and bottom plates. Spanwise conduction within the plates was considered, and calculations were performed for Pr = 0.7, 0 < Ra? < 2.5 × 10⁴, and values of a nondimensional conductance ratio in the range 10^?5 < γ < 10³. It is shown that mixed convection heat transfer enhancement is restricted to the lower surface and that the attendant secondary flow induces large spanwise surface temperature variations for which the maximum temperature exceeds values associated with the upper surface. Increased conduction within the bottom plate weakens the secondary flow and decreases spanwise temperature variations. Results of the calculations have important implications in situations for which there is interest in maintaining reduced temperatures, as well as large heat transfer enhancement, at the bottom plate.     

Autonomous tracking of an oceanic thermal front by a Wave Glider

Temporal variation in the structure and location of dynamic ocean features make them challenging to observe. Beyond requiring sufficient persistence and speed of the sensor platform, effective observation is augmented by autonomous feature detection coupled with adaptive localization of mapping effort. These capabilities enable observations to remain localized within and around features of interest, thereby enhancing spatial and temporal resolution in their depiction. A Wave Glider is a wave‐propelled unmanned surface vehicle with solar energy collection to support payload and a backup propeller in calm sea state. The efficiency of this platform enables persistence (months), and its propulsion system provides speed (~1 m/s). Building on these capabilities, we aim at enabling the Wave Glider to autonomously recognize and track oceanic features that have strong surface expressions, accessible to near‐surface sensors. We present a method of using a Wave Glider to autonomously track an oceanic thermal front known to have biological importance and dynamic evolution. In October 2017, this method was applied to tracking and mapping an upwelling front in Monterey Bay, CA, over 39 hr. The field result demonstrates adaptive localization of mapping based on autonomous feature detection.     

Patterning SiC nanoprecipitate in Si single crystals by simultaneous dual- beam ion implantation

β–SiC nanoprecipitates can be patterned in crystalline silicon with an almost monomodal size distribution by simultaneous-dual-beam of C⁺ and Si⁺ ion implantations at 550 °C. Their shape appears as spherical (average diameter ~4–5 nm) ,and they are in epitaxial relationship with the crystalline silicon matrix. The narrow size distribution follows the left wing of the carbon distribution where the nuclear ion stopping, and thus the point defect generation rate is largest. This observation allows us to conclude that the induced damage act as sinks for C atoms leading to the SiC nanoprecipitates formation centered at the maximum of the simulated damage distribution. The nuclear reaction analysis, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques were used to characterize the samples.