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91.
Software development is a fast-paced environment where developers need constant update to ever-changing technologies. Furthermore, process improvement initiatives have been proven useful in increasing the productivity of a software organization. As such, these organizations need to decide where to invest their training budget. As a result, training in technological update to their workforce or training in process conformance with its productive processes become conflicting alternatives. This paper presents a system dynamics simulation of a software factory product line. The objective of this simulation is to understand the changes in behavior when selecting either one of the above-training alternatives. The system dynamics model was validated with an expert panel, and the simulation results have been empirically validated—using statistical process control—against the performance baseline of a real software development organization. With the simulation under statistical control and performing like the baseline, the independent variables representing process conformance (process training) and technology skills (skills training) were modified to study their impact on product defects and process stability. Our results show that while both variables have positive impact on defects and process stability, investment in process training results in a process with less variation and with fewer defects. 相似文献
92.
A high pressure differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer with a prism liquid cell (PLC) were used to monitor the reaction kinetics of styrene-unsaturated polyester resins at elevated curing temperatures and pressures. The thermal method is easy to perform but provides only an overall reaction exotherm. The spectroscopic method can detect the detailed reaction mechanism of copolymerizations. It is, however, less quantitative and the calculation is much more time-consuming compared to the thermal analysis. Reactions of two unsaturated polyester resins with different molecular structure were measured by these two methods. Results showed that applying cure pressure on unsaturated polyester resins reduced the reaction rate but increased the final conversion. The styrene reaction was enhanced more than the polyester reaction at high curing temperatures. 相似文献
93.
Augusto Lanzón Tomás Albi Arturo Cert Jaime Gracián 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1994,71(3):285-291
In numerous Spanish virgin olive oils, 6,10-dimethyl-1-undecene, various sesquiterpenes, the series ofn-alkanes from C14 to C35, n-8-heptadecene and squalene are the only less volatile components detected by gas chromatography
in the hydrocarbon fraction. In oils from olives of the Arbequine variety, a series ofn-9-alkenes has also been found. In refined oils, notable features are the absence of the most volatile compounds and the appearance
of other hydrocarbons produced during the refining process. Among these,n-alkanes, alkadienes (mainlyn-hexacosadiene), stigmasta-3,5-diene, isomerization products of squalene, isoprenoidal polyolefins coming from hydroxy derivatives
of squalene and steroidal hydrocarbons derived from 24-methylene cycloartanol were identified. Physical refining produces
larger amounts of degradation products and greater losses ofn-alkanes than chemical processing. Squalene is the major hydrocarbon component in all oils, both virgin and refined. The ranges
of concentration for the different hydrocarbons found in Spanish virgin olive oils are presented. 相似文献
94.
The action of the tumor promoter, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), on rabbit peritoneal and human neutrophils is associated
with stimulation of14C-arachidonic acid incorporation into phospholipids within 1–2 min. Stimulated14C-arachidonate incorporation was relatively selective for phosphatidylinositol (PI) in rabbit neutrophils. In contrast, the
secretory response of human neutrophils to PDBu coincided with stimulated label incorporation into phosphatidylserine (PS),
phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acid (PA) and PI. Significant increases in label incorporation
were observed with PDBu concentrations as low as 2 nM, and the dose response of stimulated label incorporation paralleled
that of evoked lysozyme secretion. A parallel, but partial, inhibition of PDBu-stimulated PI labeling and enzyme release was
observed after exposing rabbit neutrophils to calcium-deprived medium, whereas calcium deprivation failed to significantly
depress either of these stimulant actions of PDBu in human neutrophils. Further, in rabbit neutrophils PDBu elicited an increase
in cell associated45Ca. However, PDBu was unable to promote the incorporation of32P orthophosphate into PI or enhance phospholipase A2 activity in broken cells. These findings suggest that one expression of the interaction between phorbol esters and their
receptors on neutrophils involves the turnover of arachidonic acid in phospholipids. This stimulated turnover of arachidonate
may be a critical step in the cascade of events associated with neutrophil activation. 相似文献
95.
Three hundred (experiment I) and 350 (experiment II) weanling, 3-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 40–50
g were randomly assigned two per cage and 50 per dietary treatment to study the effect of dietary fatty acid balance on myocardial
lesions. The following oils were tested: Experiment I.Brassica napus var. Tower rapeseed oil [Tower RSO, 1974 cultivar and 1975 cultivar, each containing 0.3% erucic (22∶1) acid];B. napus var. Zephyr RSO containing 0.9% 22∶1; corn oil; olive oil; and soybean oil. Experiment II.B. napus var. Tower RSO (1974 cultivar), olive oil, soybean oil, and the following oils to which was added the indicated level of
free 22∶1; Tower +0.5% 22∶1; Tower +5.6% 22∶1; olive oil +4.4% 22∶1; soybean oil +5.7% 22∶1. In each case the oils were incorporated
in a semisynthetic diet at a level of 20% by weight. Heart and heart lipid weights of rats fed the different oils did not
differ statistically from each other. Fatty acid analyses of heart lipids revealed that the fatty acid composition of the
cardiac lipids reflected that of the diet fed. In experiment I, there was a definite but significantly lower incidence (P<0.01)
and severity (P<0.01) of heart lesions in rats fed control oils (corn, olive, soybean) than in rats fed rapeseed oils. Also,
in experiment II, a definite but lower incidence and severity of heart lesions occurred in rats fed control oils (soybean,
olive) compared to rats fed Tower RSO or this oil with added free 22∶1. Adding 22∶1 to an oil naturally high in 18∶3 (soybean)
did not alter the incidence of heart lesions, whereas adding 22∶1 to an oil naturally high in 18∶1 (olive) increased significantly
(P<0.01) both the incidence and severity of heart lesions. Thus, it appears that the background incidence of heart lesions
that are found in the rat in any case, and which are increased by rapeseed oil feeding, is caused by the imbalanced fatty
acid composition of the oil for the growing rat, i.e. high monoenes (18∶1, 20∶1, and 22∶1) and high 18∶3 and is not only due
to the presence of excess 18∶3.
Contribution No. 706, Animal Research Institute. 相似文献
96.
Linear 1,2-polybutadiene, glass transition temperature (Tg) ?18°C, is crosslinked at ?10°C, to ?20°C by γ irradiation while strained in simple extension, with extension, ratios (λ0) from 1.2 to 2.7. After release, the sample retracts to a state of ease (λs) at room temperature. From equilibrium stress–strain measurements up to a stretch ratio relative to the state of ease (Λ) of 1.2, together with λ0 and λs, the concentration of network strands terminated by trapped entanglements (νN) is calculated. For this purpose, a three-constant Mooney–Rivlin formulation is used, in which the entanglement network is described by Mooney–Rivlin coefficients C1N and C2N, whereas the crosslink networks is described by the coefficient C1x only. The ratio ψN = C2N/(C1N + C2N) is estimated from parallel studies of nonlinear stress relaxation of the uncrosslinked polymer, taking into account the thermal history before and during irradiation. For substantial degrees of crosslinking, i.e., for R0′ = νx/νN > 0.4 (where νN is the concentration of network strands terminated by crosslinks), and for λ0 < 1.8, C2N agrees rather well with the value obtained from stress relaxation of the uncrosslinked polymer in the range of time scale where it is nearly independent of time (1.87 X 105 pascals). The corresponding value of νN is 2.3 × 10?4 moles/cm3, in good agreement with that obtained from viscoelastic measurements of the uncrosslinked polymer in the plateau zone (2.5 × 10?4). However, for R0′ ? 0.2, smaller values of C2N and νN are obtained, indicating that for low degrees of crosslinking the entanglements are not completely trapped. Also, for higher values of λ0, C2N and νN turn out to be somewhat smaller. Similar, less extensive results were obtained previously on a 1,2-polybutadiene with somewhat higher vinyl content and a higher Tg. Crosslinked samples of both these polymers were subjected to equilibrium stress–strain measurements in simple elongation from the state of ease at higher strains up to Λ = 1.7. The results agreed closely with calculations from the three-constant Mooney–Rivlin theory. 相似文献
97.
Procedures for the large scale isolation of pure triglycerides and fractions rich in nontriglyceride components from Span
rapeseed oil are described. Fractionation ofBrassica campestris var. Span rapeseed oil by molecular distillation yielded 4 triglyceride fractions, all of which contained traces of sterol
esters. An additional triglyceride fraction rich in free and esterified sterols and other volatile components was obtained
from the oil. Separation by adsorption chromatography of Span rapeseed oil yielded three fractions: A) a pure triglyceride
fraction; B) a triglyceride fraction rich in sterol esters; and C) another fraction containing free sterols and other polar
components.
Contribution no. 559 Animal Research Institute. 相似文献
98.
Isothermal differential thermal analysis (DTA) is well known for measuring thermal stability of polyolefins by determining the oxidative induction time at elevated temperatures. Oxidative induction time, measured up to 7,000 hours and over a temperature range from 240°C to 120°C, has been used to study the stability of polybutene-1 and crosslinked polyethylene in the melt state. The Arrhenius plots of DTA results show that straight line extrapolation from high to low temperatures is not possible. Thermoanalytically measured oxidation induction times and mechanical failure in oven aging experiments agree for polybutene and crosslinked polyethylene, Measurements of molecular weight and of mechanical properties of polybutene-1 during the induction period of oven aging experiments at low temperatures revealed that molecular weight and tensile properties are not sensitive indicators for the beginning of aging. The state of deterioration can be estimated easier by measurement of residual lifetime in the isothermal DTA experiment. Diffusion processes of stabilizers in polyolefins, as well as the consumption of stabilizer at elevated temperatures, especially during the induction period also was observed by DTA. Finally the extraction of stabilizer by hot water was measured by isothermal DTA. 相似文献
99.
Zhu Zhan-Yang; ali Andrej; Blundell Tom L. 《Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS》1992,5(1):43-51
We have developed a variable gap penalty function for use inthe comparison program COMPARER which aligns protein sequenceson the basis of their 3-D structures. For deletions and insertions,components are a function of structural features of individualamino acid residues (e.g. secondary structure and accessibility).We have also obtained relative weights for different featuresused in the comparison by examining the equivalent residuesin weight matrices and in alignments for pairs of 3-D structureswhere the equivalences are relatively unambiguous. We have usedthe new parameters and the varible gap penalty function in COMPARERto align protein structures in the Brookhaven Data Bank. Thevariable gap penalty function is useful especially in avoidinggaps in secondary structure elements and the new feature weightsgive improved alignments. The alignments for both azurins andplastocyanins and N- and C-terminal lobes for aspartic proteinasesare discussed 相似文献
100.
Male, female and castrated rats, three wk of age, were fed a low-fat diet for 14 wk followed by high-fat diets (20% by weight)
for one wk containing graded levels of erucic acid from 1 to 50%, to evaluate the effect of short-term feeding and interaction
of male sex hormones on formation of heart lesions. Some rats within each group were returned to the low-fat diet for one
wk after the test period. For comparison, one group of three-wk-old male rats was fed the high fat 50% erucic acid diet for
15 wk. Erucic acid depressed growth rate and food consumption and increased cardiac lipidosis and triglycerides proportional
to the erucic acid content of the diet. There were no sex differences, and the effects disappeared once rats were returned
to the low-fat diet for one week. There was a significance (P<0.05) in the incidence of myocardial necrosis among male rats
fed increased levels of erucic acid for one week, but the response was not linear to the increase in dietary erucic acid.
Furthermore, the response was much less than in males fed the 50% erucic acid diet continually for 15 weeks. These results
suggest that the short-term model is not a suitable substitute for the long-term feeding trial to test the cardiopathogenicity
of a vegetable oil. The significantly lower incidence in myocardial lesions in female and castrated male rats compared with
male rats suggests involvement of sex hormones. However, the process appears to be long term, since changes in cardiac lipids
and their fatty acid pattern between sexes became evident after one wk on diet but was significant only after long-term feeding.
Deceased. 相似文献